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Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

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(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag^e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^  et/ou  pelliculAe 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  niaps/ 

Cartes  gAographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
ReliA  avac  d'autres  documents 


n 


n 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrie  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  la  long  de  la  marge  int6riaure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte. 
mais,  lorsque  cela  itait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  iti  filmAes. 


a 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  axemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  iti  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  una 
modification  dans  la  mithode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indlquAs  ci-dessous. 


The 
to  t 


rn    Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagtes 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  p^llicul^es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxe< 
Pages  ddcolories,  tacheties  ou  piquees 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tachdes 

Showthrouyh> 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  inigale  de  I'impresition 

Includes  supplementary  materis 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


r~y]    Pages  damaged/ 

I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

r~^    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I    Pages  detached/ 

ryi    Showthrouyh/ 

I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I    Includes  supplementary  material/ 

n~|    Only  edition  available/ 


The 
pos 
oft 
film 


Ori{ 

beg 

the 

sior 

oth< 

first 

sion 

or  il 


The 
shal 
TINI 
whi( 

Map 
diffc 
entii 
beg! 
righi 
requ 
metl 


D 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  inage/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partieilement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  une  pelure, 
ate,  ont  iti  film^es  i  nouveau  de  fapon  it 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  siipplAmentaires- 


Various  pagings. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 
Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu*  ci-dessous. 
^OX  14X  18X  22X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


26X 


30X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


e 

Stalls 
3  du 
lodifjer 
r  une 
Image 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  filmd  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Canada 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  filmd,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmaga. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim^e  sont  filmds  en  commeiipant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  compo:te  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — »►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  11  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


rrata 
;o 


3elure, 
1  d 


J 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

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V. 


YOYA 


PERSON 
GIOXS  of 
ALEX AN 

French, 
And  trail 


/.' 


•'  We  coi 

at  all  poin 
moral,  and 
nier,  a  phyi 
my ;  a  met 
at  the  samt 
losopliy.  7 
individual,  i 
the  zeal,  th 
tlieir  full  ef 

TRAVE] 

of  a  voyage 
Author  of  a 
trated  with  ] 

•/The  I 
no  Englishj 
the  Gold  ai 
Prince  Regt 
the  undertak 
be  expected 
hitherto  littl 

"Of  the 

mineralogist, 
production  c 
nch  of  the 
7Al,  and  of  tl 
fectly  known 
accniiiit  whi( 
Buenos  Ayr< 
partially  det 
wpi"k  aw  a  val 


Jvn^,  isir, 

MODERN  PUBLICATIONS, 


ANn 


JVEfF  EDITIONS 


OF 


VALUABLE  STANDARD  WORKS, 


raiNTED   FOR 


M.  CAREY,  No.  121,  CHESXUT  STREET, 
-"-  PHILADELPHIA. 


VOYAGES,  TRAVELS,  GEOGRAPHY,  AND 
TOPOGRAPHY. 

PERSONAL  NARRATIVE  of  Travels  to  the  EQUTNOPTTAI  nv 
G  OXS  of  the  NEW  CONTINENT  between  the  vmsirS^Z/s^    SC 
ALEXANDER  DE  HUMBOLDT,  and  AIME  BoffLAND-ltSen  ii 
trench.  By  ALEXANDER  DE  HUMBOLDT         ^""'^'^"« 

And  translated  mto  EngUsh  by  HELEN  MARIA  WILUAMS 
In  8vo.    Price  250  cents  in  Boards. 

"We  congratulate  the  present  age  on  havin-  produced  a  trareller,  armed 
at  all  points,  and  completely  accomplisheti  V  the  purpose  of  phyS 
moi-al,  and  po hucal  observation.  In  ivt.  De  Hpmbolbt  wJhave  anSnl* 
nier,  a  physiologist,  a  botanist,  one  versed  in  statistics,  and  poUtical  ecrtno- 
my ;  a  metaphysician,  an  antiquary,  and  a  learned  phUolo^st-possessinR 
liiiL  -^i^^f  ^  the  enlarged  vie>ys,  the  spirit,  and  tL  2e  of  ^true  phi? 
&•  f  1  ^  •  »^™^'«ge  "f  acquirements,  so  seldom  iound  in  the  sine 
individual,  IS  in  him  accompanied  with  the  most  indefatigable  activity:  with 

Author  ot  a  Treatise  on  the  Mineralogy  of  Derbyshire.  In  1  vol.  8vo.  illus- 
trated  with  plates,  and  a  map.    Price  3  dollars  m  boards. 

nn*k*  "The  principal  part  of  this  work  relates  to  the  interior  of  Brazil,  where 
no  Englishman  was  ever  before  permitted  to  travel,  and  paSculaS  J! 
the  GoW  and  Diamond  districts,  which  he  investigated  by  oS  of  the 
Prince  Regent  of  Portugal.  From  the  high  sanction  under  wwS  he  beS^ 
the  undertaking,  and  the  length  of  time  he  devoted  to  it,  his  nSative  iS 
hvif^'^^l^,  tot^ow  considerable  light  on  a  rich  aud  extenshJ^^C/ 
hitherto  httle  explored,  and  at  present  highly  interesting.  ^* 

«'0f  the  knowledge    sagacity,  skill  and  experience  of  this  author  as  a 
mmeralogist.  we  have  before  had  the  most  honourable  testhSony.  a^d  thi! 
pmluct^on  cannot  tail  to  add  considerably  to  his  reputation     ?  ias  alsa 
i  the  recommemlation  of  novelty,  for  the  state  of  the  mines  of  B™ 

fe\irknowu  Er'-^l  "^^'t  ^'-^^l.^^  Wtherto  been T^' Jmpe™' 
tectly  known ;  tliere  is  also  p-rhaps  in  this  volume,  the  most  sJufaetnL 
acconnt  which  we  have  hitherto  had,  of  the  unfortunate  exTditb^aSS 
^aS  r.'^-i  V  ^'?'™'  Whitelocke,  and  the  causes  of  itsSSe  aTim- 
partially  detailed  and  perspicuously  explained:  altogether  we  coLw  Z 
woi-k  a.  a  yaluabte  addition  to  our  Waphical  coUeS,  and  mot  pi)-! 


I  m^^ 


-M 


^il 


«  PRINTED  FOR  M.  CAREY.  PHILADELPHIA. 

^nS^\?"*P**''''''  as  exhibiting  what  has  not  yet  appeared  in  anv  Fn 

UUASI  ot  AFRICA,  visited  in  the  course  of  the  vovace  •   a  cnncho  «..m 

boldera^f^^nf^nl^n"  •7^''  f^"".^'"S  from  A^ozambique  to  the 
border,  of  ^^^^'^^^^^^^^^^^l^^^^^^^^^  r^Wlan^ages. 

In  1  vol.  8vo.  with  a  Map  of  Abyssinia. 

Price  §2  75  cents  in  boards. 

"  Mr.  Salt  was  already  known  to  the  public  as  the  companion  of  Lord 

It   i'o"'  •"  uif  *''^'^™  V?^^"'  «"d  this  account  of  a  06™"^  to  aCs- 

ITZ^     exalted  and  established  his  reputation  as  a  sensiwTJSveHer  aL 

elegant  writer,  and  an  able  draughtsman."  Monthly  S^aSH 

"This  work  will  tend  more  than  any  that  has  hitherto  been  published  to 
familiarize  he  reader  with  that  interesting  portion  of  Africa      P"''"*'^'  *° 

thatwIientJtLhimTTK  r^*  Historical  Researches  ai-e  of  a  character 
inat  will  entitle  him  to  a  high  rank  m  the  clas.s  of  Literary  Travellers  •  and 
his  conjectures  appear  to  us,  to  be  often  singularly  happy.  ^  ' 

•  lis  *?r'^  ^^  ^^  singularly  zealous  in  the  pumit  of  his  objects  and 
temn^K  ^  "f '^  '^  "^^  attainment  of  them.  An  union  Sf  firS  sZ 
temper,  of  quickness  m  receiving  and  tenacity  of  retaining  impressions  with 

rTnf^    „  "?'  ?""''*'*'^t'^»  the  basis  of  a  ti-aveller's  most  important  accomplish- 

rln^"or?r'^'u:nt..^^'"'''^  -ribe  to  Mr.  Salt,  in  a  Jlgree  by  no  m^eat 
'  Jnontnly  Hevtew. 

credSmie.™""^^  ''^  instruction  merits  the  gratitude  of  all  students  of  sa- 
>  T^-wrm-..  Literary  Panoranui, 

Hb  Majesty's  Secretary  of  Embassy  to  the  Court  of  Persia. 
In  I  vol.  8vo.  with  plates,  and  a  Map. 
Pi  ice  3  dollars  in  boai-ds. 

I»,?  Jl?Hl!fp'Tw*^'"?°^^''''  ^""^'''  ^«  '^»^'«  an  interesting  report  of  the 
ast  of  the  English  Embassies,  under  Sir  Harford  Jones.    As  Peilia  has  not 

nSn  of  \tt  S^h„t  E"g"^»^™«'?«i>^°«  the  civil  wars  that  followed  the^suS 
merof  Mr  M^SS?.."'"'  1"""*"^^  "^^^  Po«'erf«"y  excited  by  the  anounce- 
mtnt  ot  Mr.  Morier  s  work  ;  and  we  can  unreservedly  declare  that  in  its 
perusa^,  we  Imve  been  abundantly  gratified."  MontuJMagazv^,V^s 
da  «r^^r'tt^fr''  "«•««».«  "f. those  which  requfres  liule  recommen- 
dation.-ior  the  respectable  situation  in  life,  and  important  office  -- 
Morier  m  the  Embassy,  sets  the   mind  at  perfect  rest  as  to  the 

tnL„  .!.        ""^^  '"''^*'' n'    ^"^  ^^^  ™«^^'"n  state  of  Persia  being  but  slighiiv 
known  to  us,  we  naturally  feel  an  eager  desire  to  read  and  be  informed?"    "^ 

<«  IVTi.  itTnnt^.^ ««  •  .         .  .  Gentleman's  Magazine. 

Mr.  Morier  possesses  spirit,  activity  and  intelligence  ;  toRether  with  an 

hraueatrn  t^^Tl  'f^^'-^J^^--^-^'  truth  an§  judgment  TnSirecdng 
his  attention  to  the  most  deserving  objects.  Critical  Revie-w. 


AT( 

its  AN-; 
JECTS 
count  of 
vations 


"Thi 

ganour 

"Mr. 

vantages 

♦•His 

"His  I 
"His 

felicitv;" 

"His! 

"  This 

without.'' 

"It  is 

ing,  all  h 

the  study 

lance  is  ei 

his  work 

«  The 
flections, 
adorned  s 

CARE^ 
of  the  "NV 

ing  fifty.ei 

Mercator' 

America  ; 

Maine ;    J 

York;    13 

17.  Virgir 

Kentucky  \ 

The  Norti 

State  of  Lc 

ships  laid 

French  pai 

.35.  Chili  ai 

den,  Demi 

Wales ;   4i 

45.  France, 

47,  Spain  ai 

52.  China ; 

Holland;    L 

Port  Jacks* 

Captain  Co< 

THE  3T 

a  plan  of  tht 
Lanes,  Alle 
City  and  Sul 


in  any  En- 
nd  diamond 
tiJie,  1813. 

lAVELS  in 

■ders  of  the 
included  an 
RASTERNf 
ioncisc  suni- 
lars  respect* 
que  to  the 
:  languages. 


ion  of  Lord 
ge  to  Abys- 
raveller,  an 
Tagazine. 

ubiishcd,  to 

I  character 
ellers;  and 

ibjects,  and 
rmness  and 
ssions,  with 
linating  be- 
accomplish- 
y  no  means 
Beview. 

dents  of  sa>- 

orama. 

IINOR,  to 
is  include<l 
ON  under 
;  of  Persia. 

9ia. 


port  of  the 
sia  has  not 
1  the  usur- 
B  anounce- 
that  in  its 
le,  1813. 
ecommep' 
ce  '•" 

lUt  shgbtly 
rmed." 
igazine. 
er  with  an 
I  directing 
Revietv. 


.  r^^rr     ^'^YA^ES,  TRAVELS,  GEOGRAPHY,  kc  s 

'^i^A^rl^vI^m^ZVV^^^^  ^  --  «f  •'»  SCENERY. 

JECTS  of  CLASSICAL  mSEST'll^ELr^^^^^^  ^°- 

count  of  the  nresent  stutt-  of  if.  rwLo  „    i  £^^'^*^A*'AliON  :  with  an  ac- 

vaUons  on  thrrl^St^iSliaUrs  ofS  p'SnTr" '    ""^^  "^'^«"*'  *'^^- 
By  the  Rev.  JOHN  CHETWODE  EUSTACE 
«i  -ru-  •  r  ,     .  '"  '-^  ^°'*-  *^o-  with  10  plates. 

r.„  o^-uK/  %'3.'!Rrr  ss^aVJ-  "'"-•■^  -°« -  "• 

His  stjiei, pure  and  aowlne"    MHtiS CHtic,  JIbHl  ft  390 

of  ^h^eToRLranJoUA^T^^^^^^^^  ^^^  ^  eolleluou  of  MAPS 

^^S^rP^r^}r^^^^^.t'T^■^  ''  ThifiTiilh'^^l'ess^;'  f 
Maine;  g.MassachSa  fo  Hh' J" T^""?**"*/,  7.  New-Hampsliire j  8. 
York  •  n  NnrT»V^  \ ;.  o  J**>o^e.IsIand  ;  11.  Connecticut ;  12.  New- 
17    Viririnia     Ts   S^^  15.  Delaware;  16.  MarySS^r 

Kent3;r22.  T^n^nSt^'S  T^^^^^  South^Carolina ;  20.  (^eoi^a ;  Si! 
The  North  Western  M^hiS;  if  ^'^"^'"PP;  Jeiritory ;  24.  Ohfo ;  25. 
StateofLouisil^nf.  or  t?i^  ^'  "^^™^»  »«<>  Indiana  Territories ;  26  The 

35.  Chili  and Se  v^ceZ^&of  U  pS  iTT  '  '^\'^Z^'''' '  ^'  P«™  * 
den,  Denmark,  and  Sav •  39  Rn«ik  \nT'\\  ^^^  '^f™?? '  ^^-  Swe- 
Wales;   42.  IrelS •  43  T^i't  J P^  •       '   *0.  Scotland  ;    41. England  and 

47.  Spa  n  and  Poitueal  •  48  Ttalv  .  ao  o,  •*      i^^     "  1  urkey  m  Europe  j 

Captdn  Cook's  Wscoverief       '  ^^- Countries  zx)und  the  North  Pole ,  ss! 
Price  15  dollars,  handsomely  half  bound. 

In  12iao.    Price  150  cents,  hanOrtoady  half  boiind. 


V: 


fyl 


4  PRINTED  FOR  M.  CAREY,  PHILADELPHIA. 

•^     SKETCHES,  HISTOl'.UJAL  and  DESCRIPriVE,  of  LOUISIA^A. 
By  xVfiyor  AMOS  S  rOJ)l)ARI),  Member  of  the  U.  S.  M.  P.  S. 

and  of  the  New  York  Historical  Society. 
,     ,  .     '"  ^^'"-  P'''ce  3  dollars,  in  hoards. 

*'TI(i8  volume  is  divided  into  fourteen  chapters,  comprehending  the  his- 
toiy  of  Louisiana  and  the  Floridas ;  their  geography,  government,  laws, 
commerce,  and  manufactures,  learning  and  religion.  The  character  of  the 
Louisianians,  the  state  of  slavery  amongst  them,  the  antiquities,  the  rivers, 
and  mineral  Hches  of  that  country  ;  a  description  of  the  almrigines,  and  the 
arguments  in  favotir  of  the  conjecture  that  this  country  was  settled  by  emi- 
gration from  Wales,  anterior  to  the  discovery  of  Columbus,  conclude  the 
Tolume. 

"  The  style,  although  it  psswmes  the  character  of  humble  narrative,  is 
pure  and  chaste,  and  we  cordially  congi-atulate  the  author  on  the  hardihood 
ot  character  he  has  assumed,  for  such  undoubtedly  it  is,  in  the  present  la/, 
to  be  so  unclassical  as  to  write  common  sense.  He  shows  himself  to  fte  a 
master  of  the  materials  that  he  manages,  and,  whde  conversing  will  his 
page,  we  have  fwmd  ourselves  seated  with  him  by  the  side  of  solitaiy  riv- 
ers, plun^ng  into  the  glooms  of  inextricable  wildernesses,  or  clim!)ing  the 
heights  of  desart  mountains,  instead  of  forgetting  all  these  and  admiring  the 
brilliancy  of  a  paragiaph.  We  wished  to  exploi-e  the  regions  of  Louisip- 
na :  and  by  the  light  of  his  lamp  we  have  explored  them."      Port  Folio. 

TRAVELS  THROUGH  THE  CANADAS,  containing  a  description  of 
the  picturesque  scenery  of  some  of  the  Rivers  and  Lakes,  with  an  account 
ofthe  Productions,  Commerce  and  Inhabitants  of  those  Provinces. 
BY  GEORGE  HERIOT,  ESQ. 
In  12mo.    Price  I  dollar,  in  boards. 

**  Altogether  we  deem  it  one  of  the  mop  curious  publications  that  has  of 
late  apiiearcd."  Monthly  Mas^. 

•  A  Voyage  to  the  DEM15RARY,  containing  a  statisUcal  account  of 
the  settlements  there,  and  of  those  on  the  Essequebo,  the  )3eri)ice,  and  other 
oontiguous  Rivers  of  Guyana.  By  ■  HENRY  BOLINGBROKE  Esq. 

In  8vo.     Price  150  cents  in  boards. 

CAREY'S  AMERICAN  POCKET  ATLAS,  containing  <23  Maps,  viz.  I. 
United  States ;  2.  Vermont ;  3.  New-Hampshire  ;  4.  Maine  ;  5.  Massachu- 
setts;  6. Rhode-Island  ;  7. Connecticut ;  8. New-York;  9.  New-Jersey  ;  10. 
I'ennsylvania ;  11.  Delaware ;  12.  Ohio;  13.  Maryland ;  14.  Virginia ;  15.  Ken- 
tucky;  16.  Noith  Carolina ;  17.  Tennessee  ;  1 8.  South-Carolina  ;  19.  Geor- 
gia; 20.  Mississippi  Territory  ;  21.  Upper  Territories  ofthe  United  States; 
22.  Louisiana;  23.  Missouri  Territory.  With  a  BRIEF  DESCRIPTION 
of  each  STATE  and  TERRITORY.  Also  the  Census  of  the  Inhabitants 
ofthe  United  States  for  1810,  and  the  Exports  for  SOyeai-s. 

4th.  edition,  greatly  improved  pnd  enlai-ged.     Price  2  dollars,  bound. 

"  Much  useful,  geographical,  and  miscellaneous  information  is  compressed 
into  this  pocket  volume,  and  with  the  Maps  it  will  be  found  a  very  convenient 
book  lor  persons  in  general,  and  more  particularly  for  those  who  are  travel- 
ling  in  the  Umted  States.  It  is  well  printed,  and  the  maps  are  neatly  exe- 
'■"t*^"-  Amer'ican  Review  and  lAterary  Journal 

THE  AMERICAN  MINOR  ATLAS  ;  4to.  containing  the  same  Maps 
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4,  ^R^fr^^'??  ATLAS,  containing  10  4to.  Maps,  viz.  1.  Journeyings  of 
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naan  as  promised  to  Abraham  and  his  posterity  ;  3.  Map  of  Egypt-  4  Mao 
©f  the  places  recorded  in  the  five  Books  of  Moses  ;  5.  Map  of  Canaan  in  the 
tune  of  Joshua;  6.  Map  of  the  purveyorships  in  the  Reigiof  Solomon: 
7.  Syi'^and  Assyria  ;  8.  Map  ofthe  Dominions  of  Solomon  ;  9.  Man  ofthe 
Land  of  Monali,  or  Jerusalem  and  the  adjacent  country  ;  10.  Map  of  the 
1  ravels  of  the  Apostles.  Price  150  cents  half  bound. 


UISIA^A. 
p.  s. 


ng  the  Iiis- 
neiit,  laws, 
icter  of  tlie 
the  rivers, 
lea,  an<l  the 
led  by  emi- 
mcluue  the 

arrative,  is 
;  hardihood 
resent  la/, 
self  to  fte  a 
ii;:;  witl  his 
lolitai-y  riv- 
iml>ing  the 
I  miring  the 
of  Lmiisip. 
)rt  Folio. 
icription  of 
an  account 


that  has  of 
Iff  Jifag: 

1  account  of 
,  and  other 
KE  Esq. 

raps,  viz.  I, 
M^issachu* 

ersey ;   10. 

a;  15.  Ken* 
19.  Geor- 

ted  States; 

IRIPTION 

Inhabitants 

bound, 
iompressed 
convenient 
are  travel- 
neatly  exe- 
iirnal. 

lame  Maps 

rneyings  of 
Vlap  of  Ca- 
t ;  4.  Map 
laan  in  the 
Solomon ; 
Vf  ap  of  the 
lap  of  the 


MISCELLANEOUS.  * 

/M^A  «^n^il^^  ATIAS,  being  a  collection  of  MAPS  of  the  WORLD  and 
QUAKrhKS,  thrir  principal  Empires,  Kingdoms,  &c.  Contiiining  58 
Maps  and  Charts,  viz.  1.  The  World  ;  2.  ditto  Mercator's  projection  ;  3. 
North  America ;  4.  United  States ;  5.  Eastern  States,  with  part"  of  Canada ; 
6.  Middle  and  Western  States ;  7.  Southern  States ;  8.  North  Western 
lerritories;  9.  Vermont;  10.  New-Hampshire  j  11.  Maine  ;  12.  Mnssachu- 
setts ;  13.  Khofle-Island  ;  14.  Connecticut  j  15.  New-York  ;  16.  New  Jersey  ; 
17.  Pennsylvania ;  18.  Delawai-c  ;  19.  Maryland  ;  20.  Virginia  ;  21.  Noitli- 
Carolina ;  22.  South-Carolina ;  23.  Georgia  r  24.  Kentucky  ;  25.  Tennessee  ; 
26.  Mississippi  Territory;  27.  Ohio:  28.  Upper Teriitories;  29.  Louisiana; 
.30.  Missoun  Teri-itoiy  ;  31.  West  Indies;  32.  Chart  of  do.  ;  .S3.  South 
America;  34.  Eurojie;  35.  Russia,  Northern  Pait ;  36.  Southern  do  ;  A7. 
Sweden,  Denmark,  Norway  ;  38.  Poland  ;  39.  Scotland  ;  40.  England  and 
Wales;  41.  Ii-eland;  42.  Netherlands  ;  43.  United  Provinces  ;  44.  Ger- 
^^""rX '  ,  •  .  ii*^*-' '  -ie.  Switzerland  ;  47.  Italy;  48.  Spain  and  Portugal: 
49.Turkeyin  Europe;  50.  North  Sea ;  51.  A.sia;  52.  Hiudostan  ;  53. 
Turkey  m  Asia  ;  54.  Islands  bctMcen  China  and  New  Holland  ;  55.  New 
South  Wales  ;  56.  Africa  j  57.  Countries  round  the  North  Pole  ;  58.  Cap. 
tain  Cook's  Discoveiies.  In  4to.    Price  5  dollars,  half  bound. 

SHEET  MAPS  of  the  UNITED  STATES,  and  of  all  the  STATES  and 
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Price  75  cents  each,  coloured. 

SHEET  MAPS  of  EUROPE,  ASIA,  AFRICA,  and  the  Kingdpms  into 
which  they  are  divided. 

Price  50  cents  each,  coloured. 

PW?mM^*?^xT^3wo''  *  ne^«etof  POCKET    MAPS  of  various 
EMPIRICS,  KINGDOMS,    and  STATES,    with   Geographical  extracts 
relative  to  each.        Drawn  and  Engraved  by  J.  GIBSON? 
In  18mo.    Price  1  dollar,  half  bound. 

THE  TRAVELLERS  DIRECTORY ;  or,  a  POCKET  COMPANION. 
shewing  the  course  of  the  Main  Road  from  Philadelphia  to  New  York,  and 
trom  Philadelphia  to  Washington,  with  descripUons  of  the  places  through 
which  It  passes,  and  the  intei-sections  of  the  cro&s  roads.  Illustrated  with  an 
account  ot  such  remarkable  objecti  as  are  i^enerally  interesUngto  travellers. 
From  actual  sui-vey.  By  S.  S,  MOORE  and  T.  W.  JONES. 
Second  Edition.    In  8vo.    Price  2  dollars,  bound. 

"  The  design  and  contents  of  this  volume  are  fully  expressed  in  the  title 
page.  The  work  is  handsomely,  and  we  believe,  correctly  executed.  Every 
traveller  on  those  roads  will  find  it  a  useful  and  instnicUve  companion.  The 
plan  ot  this  directory  is  so  judicious,  that  we  hope  the  aiuhors  may  find  it 
for  their  interest  to  extend  it  to  other  parts  of  the  United  States. 

Ainer.  Rev.  and  lAt.  Jour. 

PARIS  RE-VISITED  IN  1815,  by  way  of  Brussels-including  a  walk 


By  JOHN  SCOTT,  author  of  «  A  Visit  to 


over  the  field   of  Waterloo. 
Paris  in  1814." 

In  12mo.  price  one  dollar  in  boards. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

The  CONGRESS  OP  VIENNA.  Bv  the  ABBE  DE  PRADT.  au- 
thor of  the  «  History  of  the  Mission  to  vVarsaw,"  &c.  &c.  Translated 
from  the  French. 

r.oo  .  xrc  }^  ^^"-      ^"""^^  *5^  **ent8  in  boards. 
ESSAYS  ON  BANKING.    By  M.  CAREY.    In  I2mo 
Price  1  doUai- bound. 


* 


7 


•  *l-l 


fli 


/^ 


«  PRINTED  FOR  M.  CAREY,  nm.\nEl.PIH\. 

DR.  RUHSEL'S  HISTORY  OF  MODERN  Virunnp     ^  .•        i  j 
.  to  the  Treaty  of  Amiens  iu  1802       ^""*'"^  LUUOPh,  conUnucd  dowj 

Thn  I  .  ."^  <  "AHLES  COQTE,  L.  L.  D. 

led  for  Sn."T"!l""P''^'"'°.";'  ^'"«'*'  '*'"•  ">o'-«  »•'«"  tl'lrty  yors  were  cat- 

kI  1U»  . ?        ,   ''"'''  *"""''  s»*^c.e.lii.K  t«rilioii  was  inipiovcd  by  himself  — 

j'oDel      H  ^»in     /'  ""'s*'""  r"^  ".":'  P'-'^*'  of  tU  Temporal  power  of  the 
J  opts.      Bntajn—from  its  rehimuisliraci.t  by  tJie  Romans.    Ii-eland      T  e 

?rLZ!^".  '"'"'V'^^'"S^'J'''*'''""K''«-  Tl'c  Empire  of  Consta^tbopie^iri 
Slnf  I  r-  .*;l>MHre  of  the  Arabs.  Rise  and  progress  of  the  Kls  an  1 
»:.II  of  the  Greek  Empire.  History  of  Portugal.  V  ew  ot  the  P^iWssof  Nav  I 
pation.  Conquests  in  the  East  and  West  iJIdies.  Discovery  oKeriL  to 
i  hstoiT  of  Sw«len,  Denm«rk.  Norway,  Russia,  Poland.  an.{  PrusJa  North 
Ainerica-as  connected  with  Euroi)enn  Hist<,ry.  The  nV.  proS^?.  atid  tSS 
.«mation  ot  the  Revolutionary  War  of  tlus  cfountry.  T? eW^s'sS  Tm. 
mense  aRKmndizeraent  of  the  BriUsh  power  m  Kdla.    The^m^  the 

Third  American  etUtion.    In  5  toIs.  8vo.    Price  15  dolhiw.  Bound. 

)XX^>i.^%  °^  ^E^RAL  MOREAU.  with  a  fac 'simile  of  his 
last  letter  to  his  wife,  and  an  engraved  plan  of  the  Dassareofthe  Rhin» 
at  Strasbourg.  By  JOHN  PHILIPPAiIt,  Esq  ^^  ^^  "''"'* 
author  of  «.  Memoirs  of  Bemadotte,"  &c.  &c.  In  8vo.    Priee  2  doUaw,  in 

8i«ep^/QA'*SV"*''^"?i*  '"  ^T  P^«^of  the  campaigns  in  Germany  and  Italy 
since  1794,  as  far  as  they  relate  to  the  operations  of  General  Moreau  •    al«i. 

/Zti  ""r "'  °f /J*^  t^  «f  Keh',  ind  the  movements  immSyP. 
J.n».  and  subsequent  to  Uiat  event,  from  the  celebrated  work  by  General 
1)(  don,  pubhshed  at  Pans,  and  which  is  illustrated  by  a  most  correct  map. 
describing  every  operation  at  the  siege  of  Kehl,  as  well  as  the  passage  of  the 

.r^'.  ^'^^''ted  by  General  Moreau  in  the  environs  of  Sti  asboure. 
i.f.  Jr    '*".  A^^"^  °H'^'"  ^''^"t'  connectetl  with  the  public  and  private 
t  M^  ^tJ?n«?fi™  i^**"^?'*''^  author  has  drawn  together,  and  embodied  with 
.   %,t"/^,°5  "^''''^y  and  circumspection."  Enr.  Mae:  March   1814 

"      ^^TA.^  HISTORY  of  the  UNITED  STATES,  frmnTe  commence, 
nient  ot  the  REVOLUTIONARY  WAR.        By  THOMAS  CLARK? 
2nd.  edition.    In  2  vols.  12mo.    Price  2  dollars,  in  boards. 
THE  OLIVE  BRANCH;   or,  FAULTS  ON  BOTH  SfnF««    PPn 
FRAL  and  DEMOCRATIC.'    A^erious  4peal  o^SeSy V'^S^^^ 
tral  Forgiveness  and  Harmony.        By  M.  CAREY 
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faction  IS  the  madness  of  the  many  for  the  benefit  of  a  few.*' 
Frenzied  be  the  head— pahied  be  the  hand— that  attempts  to  desUoT 
the  union."        Gen.  Eaton.  ««"««uj 

«  T.'i"}*''  ^°"'^  ^°"  teach— or  save  a  sinking  land ; 
1  **^^^~-»o"e  aid  yon— and  few  undei-stand."    Pope. 
••Every  kingdom  divided  against  itself,  is  brou^t  to  DESOLATION." 

(( T    J-         •  ...  Matt  xii.  25. 

In  dissensione  nulla  salus  conspicitur."        Cxsar 
"  If  we  pay  a  proper  regaixl  to  truth,  we  shall  find  it  necessrry  not  only 
to  condeom  our  fiiends  upon  some  occasions,  and  commend  our  enemies,  but 


also  to  COT 
iHiiy  ri'iMii 
great  atliii 
neither  ia 
error." 

THE  F 
D'ANTi: 
CUSTO.^ 
Irom  the  J 

This  livi 
most  even 
has  been  ti 
of  French 
forts  of  a 
hand ;  nor 
mated  and 

"For  t 

Paris,  we 
fa,)  for  vl 
of  Uie  Pari 

RULES 
CAVALB 


INSTHi 

the  Ninete 

THE  A] 

Selected. 

AN  AC 
pletcst  Ins 
bling;,  and 
Riding  Ma 
Venice. 

Embeilis 
Price  75  c€ 


"  With  f! 
originally  p 
hearty  mer 
humour  of  i 
ways  made 
harmless  wi 

THE  M( 

Gluttons,  C 
the  post,  A 
acters,"  b; 
half  bound.' 

CHESTI 
MANNER 

THECR 
RISING  G] 


MISCELLANEOUS.  7 

Mso  to  commend  ami  condemn  the  same  |R>rsonH,  ns  different  circumitancei 
iHiiy  nmiiie  ;  for  it  is  not  to  be  imamnvd,  tliat  tliowj  who  ai-e  ennaged  in 
gi-ent  atliilrs,  should  always  be  pursumK  t'uisc- or  misfaktn  meagurtsj  so 
neither  is  it  probable  that  their  conduct  can  at  all  times  be  exempt  from 
^•■'■O'--  PoliibiuH. 

r.Jl'l?.,^^"!?  SPECTATOR ;  or,  L'lIERMITE  DE  LA  CHAUS9EB 
I)  AN  1  IN.  Containing  Oliscrvations  npon  PAKISIAN  M  ANNEHS  and 
C  US'I'OMS  at  the  Commeiiecment  of  the  Nineteenth  Century.  TnuuUted 
Irom  the  Fixnch,        \\y  WILLIAM  JEKDAN. 

,  In  3vol8.  ISmo.    Price  2'25  cents,  in  nonrds. 

This  lively  and  enteitaining  View  of  the  State  of  Society  in  Paris,  at  the 
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has  been  unanimously  aecoi-ded  a  high  rank  among  the  periodical  production« 
ot  l-rench  literature.  '1  he  amusements,  annoyances,  pleasures,  and  discom- 
forts of  a  Paris  fashionable  life,  arc  sketched  with  a  humorous  and  witty 
hand  ;  nor  has  there  ever  issued  from  the  press  of  that  country,  a  more  an^ 
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ra,)  for  viewing  it,  than  that  which  is  presented  in  the  panoramic  iketchei 
ol  the  Pans  Spectator."  Eur.  Mag 

CA7iSY*''"^y^?o'^^N^7i'*V?L""  ""  SWOBD  EXERCISE  of  .h. 

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INSTRUCTIONS  FOR  THE  DRILL,  and  the  method  of  performing 
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..i±?*  ACADEMY  FOR  GROWN  HORSEMEN.    Containing  the  eom- 
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m^ilSF^^'-^  Ir^y^^'^^V     «^  SCHOOL  FOR    MODERN 

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THE  CRIMINAL  RECORDER  ;    or,  an  AWFUL  BEACON  to  th*. 

RISING  GENERATION  of  both  ^'^^^.l  erected  by  die  SmSucetS 


h  .' 


,i 


I 


I 


I'pI 


HI 


S  PIMMKD  I'OR  M.  ('AUEY,  rilllADKLPFirA 

pvnmiv  then*  from  the jlrcwllul  MIm-vUm  of  (J.iiU.     Collected  from  oil 

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« .■•I       ,  •         r  Extract  from  t/w  J'reface. 

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and  unrtflrttiMj?  youth  may  find,  i.rrhup«,  that  ilu  y  cnniiot  iirociire  n  more 
«oi.ventent  mixilmry  in  the  perA.rmnn.re  of  th.«..  chitim  on  which  de- 
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THF.  IMMORTAL  MENTOR;  or,  MAN'S  UNERRING  GUIDE  to 
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By  LEWIS  CORNARtJ,  Dr.  FUANklJN,  and  Dr.  SCOTT. 
Reason's  whose  pleasure,  all  the  joys  of  sense 
Lie  in  three  wortls  — Houlth,  Peace,  and  Coiupetcnoe, 
Blest  health  consist*  with  Itiiip*  runee  alone, 
And  Peace,  O  Virtue  !  peace  is  all  thy  own.  Popt, 

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REGULATIONS  for  the  ORDER  and  DISCIPLINE  of  the  TROOPS 
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judgment,  the  liveliest  imarination,  and  the  most  profound  learning.  He 
has  always  been  considered  as  the  Shakspeare  of  Divines ;  and  modern 
writers  of  acknowledged  eminence  have  borne  testimony  to  his  extraordinary 
marits.  He  has  lately  received  the  eulogy  of  the  learned  Dr.  Parr^  in  his 
celebrsted  Spital  Sermon,  and  the  highest  praise  of  the  distinguished  Edi- 
tor  ol  tlie  Edinburgh  Review.  There  ir  a  glowing  fervour  in  his  style, 
which  renders  highly  interesting  every  subject  he  treats.  He  clothes  the 
noblest  sentiments  in  the  most  splendid  and  significant  language ;  and  from 
his  various  works  may  be  extracted  passages  of  a  magnificence  unequalled  in 
thawifle  extent  of  English  literature.  His  liberty  of  Prophesying,  and  his 
Holy  Living  and  Dying,  exhibit  a  r)iety  the  most  practical  and  evangelical, 
av.dachtmtyand  liberalitj' of  ".niiment,  wonderful,  considering  the  times 
In  whicji  he  lived,  and  which  has  united  the  admiration  of  every  denomina- 
tion of  Chrstians. 

Vol.  I.  is  now  published  and  the  remainder  will  be  finished  without 
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DIVINITY.  n 

The  SECOND  JOURNAL  of  the  Stated  Preacher  to  the  Hospital  and 
Alms-house  jn  the  City '>f  New  York,  for  a  part  of  the  >  ear  ol  our  Lord, 
1813.     With  an  appen<Iix.        In  12roo.  Price  1  dollar,  in  boards. 

*'  Benevolence  from  its  naure,  composes  the  mind,  warms  the  heart,  ea« 
UTcns  the  whole  frame,  and  lightens  every  feature  of  the  xsountenance." 

,  ,„     ^  Jir.  lieid. 

We  have  read,  with  peculiar  gratification,  Ely's  Firsv  Journal,  which 
breathes  a  spirit  of  ardent  piety,  and  zeal  for  the  salvation  of  sinnei-s ;  and 
exhibits  a  picture,  warm  from"  life,  of  v  e  consolatory  influence  of  the  reli- 
gion of  Jesus.  Ely's  Second  Journal,  which  is  now  offered  to  the  public,  as 
a  continuation  of  the  First,  we  are  persuaded  wiil  have  the  same  excellent 
tendeucy.  Bo'^h  of  these  little  volumes  we  most  cordially  recommend  to  the 
serious  perusal  of  all  Christian  people,  and  wish  them  a  most  extensive  «ar« 
culation,  as  calculated  to  pn)mote  the  best  interests  of  the  Church." 

Philadelbhia,  Oct  28,  1815. 

SAMUEL  B.  WYLIE,   A.  M.  Pastor  of  the  Reformed    Presbyteriaa 
Church  in  Philadelphia. 

JAMES  R.  WILSON,  A.  M.  Professer  of  the  Learned  Languages, 

JACOB  BRODHEAD,  D.  D.  Pastor  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church. 

HENRY  HOLCOMBE,  D.  D.  Pastor  of  the  First  Baptist  Church. 

GEORGE  BOURNE,  Harrisonburg,  Virginia. 

GEORGE  C.  POTTS,  A.  M.  Pastor  of  the  4th  Presbyterian  Church, 

Philadelphia. 

NINE  SERMONS,  on  the  Nature  of  the  Evidence  by  which  the  fact  of 
our  Lord's  Resun-ection  is  established ;  and  on  various  other  subjects.  To 
which  is  prefixed,  a  Dissertation  on  the  Prophecies  of  the  Messiah  dispersed 
among  the  Heathen. 

Bv  SAMUEL  HORSLEY,  L.L.D.  F.R.S.  F.A.S.  Late  Loid  Bishop  of 
St.  Asaph. 

"  Every  fragment  of  this  prelate  is  precious ;  snd  though  posthuraou* 
works  in  general  require  much  indulgence,  none  of  the  writings  of  Bishop 
Horsley  can  fail  to  give  delight  to  those  who  have  a  relish  for  original  ar- 
^iments  on  impoi-tant  subjects.  The  preliminary  dissertation  on  flie  pro- 
phecies of  the  McLjiah  dispersed  among  the  heathen,  exhibits  the  power 
of  the  Bishop's  mind  in  a  veiy  striking  manner,  an  uncommon  mass  of 
various  learning  being  brought  to  illusti'ate  an  inquiry  of  high  interest- 
On  the  Sybilline  oracles  he  lays  some  atress,  as  containing  a  collection 
of  traditionary  predictions!  concerning  a  deliverer  to  come,  who  should 
alter  the  condition  of  the  human  race.  From  whence  these  and  oth- 
er notices  of  a  similar  kind,  scattered  over  the  east,  could  arise  is  satis* 
factonly  shown  by  an  investigation  cf  the  patriarchal  his'ory,  and  the  pro>. 
pheeies  delivered  by  Job  and  Balaam,  all  pointing  clearly  to  tlie  promised 
Redeemer.  Of  the  nine  sermons  which  follow,  the  four  first,  on  the  Resur- 
rection, are  the  most  laboured  in  closeness  oS  reasoning  and  elevation  of  Itm- 
giiag'3.  The  last  of  these  is  particularly  excellent,  and  shows  that  the 
risen  body  of  our  Lord  had  undergone  that  transformation  from  corruption, 
which  will  be  the  case  of  believers  at  his  second  combig.  The  remaining 
five  sei  mons  are  on  the  Divinity  of  Christ,  the  Atonement,  the  Distinetiona 
of  the  Blessed  in  the  Future  Life,  and  the  testimony  cf  the  Holy  Spirit  in 
sealing  the  Tnith  of  the  Gospel  by  miraculous  operations,  and  in  carrying 
on  his  work  in  the  minds  of  those  who  are  callt'd  to  the  profession  of  it,  by 
enabling  them  to  bring  forth  tlie  fruits  of  righteousness. 

Anakctic  Magazine,  JVbtwmJer,  181 5> 
PHILADIXPHIA  HARMONY ;    or,  a  Collection  of  Psalm  Tunes, 
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NOVELS,  ROMANCES,  &c. 

VARIETIES  OP  LIFE ;  or  CONDUCT  AND  CONSEQUENCES.  A 

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« If  I  give  speeches  and  conversations,  I  ought  to  give  them  justly  ;  for 
Uie  hunmurs  and  characters  of  persons  cannot  be  known,  unless  I  repeat 
■^nat  they  say,  and  their  man?ier  of  saying."         Mchurdaon. 

"We  turn  with  all  the  elasticity  of  awakened  hope  to  a  second  produc- 
rV.u  P^"  °' *at  'ively  and  accurate  observer,  the  Author  of"  Sketch- 
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looks  down  upon  the  glare,  frivoUty  and  dash  of  mere  fashion,  &c.  down 
to  the  gossip  anc?  slang  of  abigails  and  valets,  all  is  in  its  place,  all  is  true 
to  nature."  .Augustan  Rev. 

SKETCHES  OP  CHARACTER  ;  or  SPECIMENS  OP  REAL  LIFE. 
A  Novel  m  2  vols. 

"  Fictions,  to  pkase,  must  wear  the  face  of  Truth." 
Qui  capit,  ille  faoit. 
«  This  novel  is  a  very  splendid  and  natural  performance  ;    the  dialogues 
and  conversations  are  given   with  much  freedom  and  elegance  ;    and  the 
characters  in  general  are  excessively  well  designed  and  executed." 

Crit,  Rert* 
THE  WARD  OP  DELAMERE.    A  novel  in  2  vols. 
By  Mrs.  PINCHARD.    (In  the  press.) 


PATIEl 
DA.  A  > 
Author  of 
lars,  in  boi 

LORIM 

«  Thouf 
us,  be  not  ( 
that  it  is  in 

The  stoi 
and  promo 
quences  of 

FATHI 

Author  of 
lars,  in  bo 
"  Most 
tale  a  lessr 
lutely  iuco 

THE  F 


«*  Miss  1 
work  cont 
characters 
whole  proi 
ders." 

«  We  e^ 
has  for  its 
calculated 
lanthropy  i 
views  like 
virtue  and 
work  oontf 
language." 

PAIRE] 
TURY. 

RHOD/ 

Right  Nai 

MORN' 

Auth 

TRECO 
A  Tale  in 
Author  of 

THEM 

Author  of 
lars,  in  boa 
"  There 
The  story 
ho  wever,  i 

TRAITI 

"Afertil 
manifest  in 


3RANT  o*" 

hese  poems, 
>  be  recom- 

he  most  ap- 
is.  In  12mo. 

}.  Price  88 


»f  Historical 
itland,  with 


In  a  voIs« 
Price  1  dol- 

lOUS    PO. 

son,   Ladd, 
with  6  en- 


iNCES.  A 

'rice  2  dol- 

iustly ;   for 
IS  I  repeat 

id  produc- 

f"  Sketch- 

popularity, 

who,  pos- 

gifted  with 

lagine  how 

ages  fVa- 

ie  person. 

>ys,  which 

&:c.  down 

all  is  true 

sIj  life. 


!  dialogues 
;    and  the 

Ht,  Rett* 


NOVELS,  ROMANCES,  kc.  15 

PATIENCE  AND  PERSEVERANCE ;  or  the  MODERN  GRISEL- 
DA.    A  Novel  in  2  vols.  By  Mrs.  HOFLAND, 

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*•  Though  the  general  character  under  which  we  class  the  work  before 
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that  it  is  impossible  for  us  to  withliold  our  approbation. 

The  story  excites  an  uncommonly  powerful  interest  in  the  reader's  mind, 
and  promotes  the  cause  of  morality  and  prudence  by  exhibiting  the  conse- 
quences of  unrestrained  rashness  and  passion."  Crit,  Rev, 

FATHER  AS  HE  SHOULD  BE ;  a  Novel  in  2  vols. 

By  Mrs  HOFLAND, 

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lutely incorrigible."  Crit.  Rev.  July,  1815. 

THE  HEART  AND  THE  FANCY ;    or  VALSINORE.     A   Tale 

By  Miss  BENGER. 
In  12mo.  Price  1  dollar,  in  boards. 

**  Miss  Benger  may  be  said  to  be  a  writer  of  no  ordinary  class,  since  her 
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characters  are  new  ;  the  narrative  of  Cornelius  is  very  touching ;  and  the 
whole  promises  to  charm  the  heart,  and  captivate  the  fancy,  otmany  rea- 
ders." JMon.  Rev. 

"  We  ever  experience  a  degree  of  satisfaction,  in  perusing  a  Novel,  which 
has  for  its  basis  the  recommendation  of  those  qualities  of  the  mind,  that  are 
calculated  to  expand  the  soul  of  tlie  reader,  and  prompt  it  to  deeds  of  phi- 
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views  like  these,  it  is  impossible  the  Authoress  should  fail  of  success,  where 
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work  contains  a  considerable  portion  of  interest  contained  in  easy  and  elegant 
language."  Gent.  Jnap. 

PAIRED— NOT  MATCHED;  or  MATRIMONY  IN  THE  19th  CEN. 
TURY,  By  Mrs.  ROSS. 

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RHODA.    A 

Right  Names." 


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II 


!    tlHM< 


■  'iluf^ii 


'f1 


.1   If 


ll- 


Ijii. 


7' 


f.'f' 


1 


16  PRINTED  FOR  M.  CAREY,  PHILADELPHIA. 

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suspended  by  well  contrived  incidents,  till  the  last  great  catJtmphe  " 

THE  MISER  MARRIED.    A  Novel.    By  CATHiMNE^HlS'TON 

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*•  To  be  grave  e.vceedsall  power  of  face." 

unlT^fJ no Jf "Jf 'P'"*r' ""^'^  laughable  satire  upon  the  variouf^rodS^ns 
??rf.io  "«"»,«  of  »o\el8  and  romances,  which  have  appeared  for  the  last 
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rtruBtior  is  admirable^  JSrit  Cnt^ 


THE  h; 

Two  volura 
"  We  re( 
and  worthy 
reatlcrs,  as 

THE  SI 

Translated 
"  This  is 
"  This  st 

Rlete  with  i 
fr.  Dallas 
ti-iiiislation.' 
THE  HI 


HOME. 

the  celebrat 
"  We  rai 
recommend 
ment  than  t 
«  Simple 
take  place  i 
which  there 

MONT.^ 


ELIZAB 

fact.    Tran 

"Thisch 
most  other 
the  original 

"  We  art 
we  must  r 
that  which  i 

THELE 

MAN.    Si 

«  Not  Rci 

stoiy  is  inte 
elegance." 

Ajuai 

Author  of  " 
To  which  is 
former  editi 
"  We  car 
Roubigne  tl 
of  language, 
found  so  mi 
it  is  with  re 
last  time  thi 
the  piiblic." 

MEMOIl 
NERS  and 

Revolution. 


is  here  de- 
I  roused  and 
iphe." 
i.  Vol.  41 
BUTTON. 

its  supposed 

a  Romance- 
in  boards, 
and  they  af- 


Ton.  "Rev. 
productions 
for  the  last 
r./>.  218. 

1.  12mo.  2d. 

racter,  free 
d  frivolous, 
tary  discip. 
je  volumes 
-interest  of 
icenery  and 
'.pt.  1815. 

e  author  of 


o.  Price  6S 


ditFon. 

A  Novel, 
ols.   12mo. 


PORTER. 

characters 

is  heroism 

to  be  inti- 


Li  2  vols. 

y  by  their 
ion ;  in  the 
clings  what 
iscs  for  iu- 


re 


NOVELS,  ROMANCES,  kc.  17 

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THE  SIEGE  OF  ROCHELLE ;    or  THE  CHRISTIAN  HEROINE. 
JW  MAUAI^fE  DE  GENUS. 
Translated  by  R.  C.  Dallas,  Esq.     Price  1  dolliu-,  in  boards.  ' 

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Slcte  with  interest,  and  exalts  the  female  character  almost  beyond  imitation, 
fr.  Dallas  lias  done  justice  to  the  subject,  and  given  a   spirited  and   elegant 
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THE  HISTORY  OP  TOAI  JONES,  a  Foundling. 
By  HENRY  FIELDING,  Esq. 
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HOME.    A  Novel  in  2  volumes, 
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"  Simple  occiuTcnces  in  eU'f>,ant  and  chaste  language,  events  which  might 
take  place  in  any  family,  form  the  ground-work  of  this  pleasmg  Novel,  in 
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MONT  ALBERT.  By  CHARLOTTE  SMITH. 

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ELIZABETH ;    or  the  EXILES  OF  SIBERIA.    A  Tale  founded  on 
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**  We  are  not  in  general,  particularly  fond  of  novels  founded  on  fact ;  but 
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By  Miss  CULLEN,    Daughter  of 


THE  LETTERS  of  an  ITALIAN  NUN  and  an  ENGLISH  GENTLE- 
MAN,     Supposed  to  be  written  by  J.  J.  ROUSSEAU. 
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elegance."  Mon.  Rev. 

JUUA  DE  ROUBIGNE ;  a  Tale,  in  a  Series  of  Letters. 
By  ALEXANDF-R  MACKENZIE, 
Author  of  "  Man  of  Feeling,"  and  "  Man  of  the  World."    A  new  edition. 
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of  language,  which  disting^iish  the  author's  former  publications.  We  have 
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it  is  with  regret  we  learn  from  the  preface,  that  tliis  may  probably  be  the 
last  time  that  the  author  will  contribute,  in  this  way,  to  the  amuseiaent  of 
the  piiblic."  Moil.  Rev. 

MEMOIRS  OF  AN  AMERICAN  LADY,  with  SKETCHES  of  MAN. 
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I     il 


I     li 


//.: 


18  PRINTED  FOR  M.  CAREY,   PHILADELPHIA. 

'*  These  letters  are  written  in  a  superior  style,  and  contaiu  much  matter 
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lightful."  LaA/*8  Museum. 

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CHARLOTTE  TEMPLE ;  a  Tale  of  Truth.       By  Mrs.  ROWSON, 
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«•  It  may  be  a  Tale  of  Truth,  for  k  is  not  unnatural,  it  is  a  tale  of  real  dis- 
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humanity  rather  than  a  conviction  of  her  integrity,  or  the  regularity  of  her 
former  conduct,  is  enticed  from  her  governess,  and  accompanies  a  young  olH- 
cer  to  America.  The  marriage  ceremony,  if  not  forgotten,  is  poBt{)oned  :  and 
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vasion  of  Juliu 

and  continued 
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EI4GUSII 

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more  advanced 


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the  Grammar, 
tlie  principle  \ 
•nd  moral  imn 
learned  Dr.  Bii 
Murray's  Gnuc 
I  esteem  at  a  i 
of  that  natures 
best  Grammar 
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the  propriety  o 
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SCIENTIFIC 

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MechanioiL 

momy)  ami 

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re  demon* 
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PHILADELPHIA: 

PUBLISHED  BY  M.  CAREY, 
SOLD  BY  HJM  AND  WELLS  AND  LILLY,  BOSTON. 

1816. 


!/ 


I   I 


m 


The 

and  fut 
Great  E 
lowing 
publish* 
be  usefi 
merits  1 
lators  a 
the  poli( 
ed  by  C 
necessit 
tion. 

The 
—and 
this  cc 
warped 
gious  c 
This  w: 
assume 
passion: 

But 
bestowt 
ploys  h: 
ofperpc 


m 


TO  THE 


AMERICAN  READER. 


J.  HE  alarming  views  of  the  relations,  present 
and  future,  between  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain,  which  are  developed  in  the  fol- 
lowing work,  have  impressed  the  American 
publisher  with  the  idea,  that  it  could  not  fail  to 
be  useful  to  reprint  and  disseminate  it  here.  It 
merits  the  most  serious  attention  of  the  legis- 
lators and  politicians  of  this  nation.  Should 
the  policy  it  advocates  be  unfortunately  adopt- 
ed by  Great  Britain,  there  will  be  an  imperious 
necessity  for  decisive  measures  of  counterac- 
tion. 

The  rancorous  spirit  that  actuates  the  writer 
—and  the  deep  and  deadly  hostility  towards 
this  country,  that  pervades  his  work — have 
warped  his  judgment,  and  led  him  into  egre- 
gious errors  in  point  of  fact  and  inference. 
This  will  be  eternally  the  case  with  those  who 
assume  the  pen  under  the  impulse  of  strong 
passions  and  violent,  feelings. 

But  while  severe  and  deserved  censure  is 
bestowed  on  a  British  writer  who  thus  em- 
ploys his  time  and  talents  for  the  fell  purpose 
ofperpetuating  and  extending  hostility  between 


i! 


tr 


,1 


I  /  =^'"( 

/14 


:1 


*iIh 


two  nations,  whose  mutual  interests  require  the 
cultivation  of  peace,  we  ought  injustice  to  cast 
an  eye  at  home,  and  seriously  ask  the  question, 
whether  there  are  not  too  many  of  our  citizens 
who  almost  unceasingly  pursue  the  same  course? 
— This  view  of  the  subject  invites  to  solemn 
and  interesting  considerations  which  are  at  pre- 
sent forborne,  from  motives  of  delicacy but 

which  will  naturally  press  themselves  on  the 
mind  of  the  reader  to  a  great  extent. 

There  are,  alas !  too  many  causes  of  hostili- 
ty and  rivalry  between  commercial  nations, 
whose  interests  come  in  collision  with  each 
other,  to  require  the  aid  of  inflammatory  writers 
to  fan  the  flame. 

The  good  old  maxim,  "  enemies  in  w^-— 
in  peace  friends,"  ought  to  be  most  religiously 
cultivated  by  all  who  have  the  real  interests  of 
this  country  at  heart.  And  the  maxim  is  per- 
fectly compatible  with  the  most  enthusiastic 
admiration  of  our  own  excellent  institutions, 
and  the  most  decided  preference  of  them  to 
those  of  any  other  nation. 


PhiladilfhiA)  July  I,  1816. 


To  THE  i 
Preface, 

Introduc 

On  the  Ge 

On  the  An 


On  the  Ch 
Min 


On  the  in^ 
in  ti 


On  the  rt 
can 
ing 


On  the  re 
rica 


quire  the 
-e  to  cast 
ijuestion, 
citizens 
J  course? 
)  solemn 
re  at  pre- 
icy — but 
B  on  the 


)f  hostili- 

nations, 

ith  each 

Y  writers 


n  war — 
Hgiously 
:erests  of 
1  is  per- 
husiastic 
itutions, 
them  to 


CONTENTS. 

Page 

_  •  •  • 

To  THE  American  Readee,  ------»" 

Preface,   --     -----------    ** 

CHAPTER  I. 

Introduction.— On  the  Policy  ofNations^      -      1 

CHAP.  n. 

On  the  Genius  of  the  Americans^     -----      7 

CHAP.  m. 

On  the  American  Political  Parties^     -    -    -    -    17 

CPAP.  IV. 

On  the  Character  and  Salifications  of  a  British 
Minister  to  the  United  States,     -    -    -    -    21 

CHAP.  V. 

On  the  injurious  tendency  of  American  rivalship 
in  time  of  Peace  ^     .-------25 

CHAP.  VI. 

On  the  respective  natures  of  British  and  Affieri' 
can  warfare.,  a7id  the  necessity  of  anticipat' 
ing  hostile  operations^  -------29 

CHAP.  VII. 

On  the  respective  natures  of  the  British  and  Ame- 
rican populationy     --------35 


I!  •! 


4  1 


!    I 


P 


^*  CONTENTS. 

CHAP.  VIII.  ^**' 

On  Colonies  ingentrul^their  Origin^Various 

Amas'-Tendencies^ ^^ 

CHAP.  IX. 

On  the  Security  of  the  British  American  Colonies, 
proving-  that  there  exists  no  danger  of  their 
dejection  while  they  enjoy  their  present  ad- 
vantages, -    .    .    .    4y 

CHAP.  X. 

On  the  inherent  weakness  of  the  United  States, 
arising  from  extensive  sea  coasts  wide  terri- 
tory, and  the  state  of  its  inland  frontier,    -     SZ 

CHAP.  XL 
On  the  Indian  Allies, 59 

CHAP.  XII. 

On  the  fisheries, g5 

CHAP.  xni. 

On  the  Lumber  Tradei-^its  vast  importance,  and 
the  ability  of  the  Provinces  to  aupplu  the 
West  Indies, '^'1  ^  .    .     y^ 

CHAP.  XIV. 

On  the  Trade  in  Horses  and  Horned  Cattle,      -     81 

CHAP.  XV. 

On  the  Flour  Trade—Good  effects  of  the  Corn  Bill 
anticipated— the  Canadas  and  New  Bruns- 
wick  fully  competent  to  supply  the  West  In- 
dies and  Great  Britain — relative  qualities  of 
the  British,  Canadian,  and  United  States 
Flour — Causes  of  the  apparent  difference  as- 
signed, xvith  hints  to  promote  the  trade,     -     87 


i. 


CONTENTS. 


VI 


Pajpe 

CHAP.  XVI. 

\0n  the  Assorted  Cargoes  imported  into  the  West 
'        Indies  from  the  United  States — their  con- 
venience^and  the  capability  of  the  Provinces 
to  supply  the  same  Articles^  and  of  superior 
quality^ 103 

CHAP.  XVII. 

On  the  relative  situation  of  Great  Britain  and 
America  as  Manufacturing  Rivals^  -    -    -  1 1 1 

CHAP.  XVIII. 

\on  the  duty  of  Great  Britain  to  recommence  and 

perpetuate  a  Colonial  System^      -    -     _    .  123 

CHAP.  XIX. 

\0n  the  formation  of  Colonies— Plans  for  the  en- 
couragement  of  emigration, — and  the  neces- 
sity  of  securing  to  Canada  the  advantages  of 
its  frontier  y  by  means  of  Military  Establish- 
mentSy       ------->.».  13* 

CHAP.  XX. 

I  On  the  policy  of  permitting  Foreigners  to  emi- 
grate to  our  Colonies,  under  the  same  regu- 
lations as  our  own  people,  but  not  to  be  set- 
tled in  situations  remote  from  the  American 
frontier^ 1^1 

CHAP.  XXI. 

On  the  West  Indies — their  importance  shotmi'^ 
some  particular  productions  called  into  notice 
'-^he  expediency  of  increasing  the  White, 
and  ameliorating  the  condition  of  the  Mul- 
latto  population— Advantages  of  clearing  the 
Island  of  Trinidad  as  a  granary  for  the 
whole^ — with  hints  on  the  propriety  of  al- 
tering certain  Custom-house  Regulations,  -  tsr 


1  i 


i  (i 


^ 


j 


tiii  CONTEKTS. 

CHAP.  XXII.  ^'" 

Strichirea  on  the  Treaty  of  Ghent — its  folly  ex- 
poscd^  and  the  evils  xvith  xvhich  it  is  preg- 
nant^ exhibited^   ---- isj 

CHAP.  XXIII. 

Conclusion^ ^4Tt  has 

Postscript, SlBablcst  m 

Note  referred  to  in  page  ICAf ^-  asB^vho  OCV< 

American  Projects, ^^Ito  notice 

tivity  are 
each  at  it 
sity  may 
,  J  he  adds, 

I  have  arri 

the  desin 

I kcncd :  1 

lavourab 

Ivity  oiir 

'it:  that  i 

I  unexplor 

i  endeavoi 

the  prod  I 

spur  to  i 

explores 

producti< 

the  activ; 

lations  c 

lo  the  ii 

and  mult 

producer 

and  thus 


-t''  i 


Pnt 


folly  eX' 
h  preg- 


18 


PREFACE. 


,-  22 
-  22 


■It  has  been  sensibly  remarked  hy  one  of  our 
-  aiBablcst  modern  writers  on  slatistieiil  afiairs,  that 
who  ocver  has  thoroughly  investigated  the  com 
mercial  and  colonial  system,  cannot  have  failed 
|to  notice  how  the  different  branches  of  human  ac- 
tivity are  gradually  and  successively  developed, 
each  at  its  proper  period.  To  illustrate  diis  point, 
sity  may  be  retarded  or  accekrat<xl  by  adverse  or 
he  adds,  that  when  agriculture  and  manufactures 
have  arrived  at  a  certain  degree  of  perfection, 
the  desire  of  foreign  commerce  is  naturally  awa- 
kened :  that  although  die  object  of  this  propcn- 
favourable  circumstances,  the  persevering  acti- 
vity of  mankind  will  sooner  or  later  accomplish 
it :  that  it  will  at  length  gain  access  to  distant  or 
unexplored  regions,  and  succeed  in  its  unremitted 
endeavours  to  connect  all  parts  of  the  earth :  that 
the  produce  of  remote  countries  becomes  a  new 
spur  to  industry  ;  and  that  industry  so  excited, 
explores  and  cultivates  those  lands  ;  so  that  the 
productions  of  new  regions  operate  to  increase 
the  activity,  and  to  multiply  the  commercial  re- 
lations of  the  old  :  that  this  gives  new  life  even 
to  the  interior  of  the  more  civilized  countries, 
and  multiplies  the  objects  of  traffic :  that  industry 
produces  riches,  and  riches  reproduce  industry  ; 
and  dius  commerce  at  length  becomes  the  foun- 

B 


.|! 


ill 


■1: 


'i  //' 


X  PREFACE. 

dation  and  the  cement  of  the  whole  social  edi- 
fice.* 

This  is  not  determined  by  the  presumption  or  I 
caprice  of  man  :  it  is  founded  hi  the  nature  of 
things,  and  is  the  eft'cct  of  that  irresistable  im-  f 
pulse,  by  which  every  great  and  beneficial  change,! 
every  important  event  in  the  political  history  of 
mankind,  is  produced.     To  this  principle  we[ 
must  refer  not  only  the  origin,  but  the  progress 
and  extention  of  commerce  ;  and  hence  the  sys- 
tem  of  colonization,  with  all  its  actual  and  pos- 
sible ramifications  and  extent.     Hence  the  hide-  j 
pendence  of  remote  climates,  not  created  nor 
cultivated  for  us  only,  and  the  new  sources  of | 
opulence  to  which  Europe  is  invited  by  their  free- 
dom and  independence.    Hence,  too,  humanity  I 
will  hereafter  derive  many  invaluable  blessings,! 
will  behold  many  a  splendid  era,  if  the  free  dis- 
play of  this  active  principle  be  not  checked  by! 
blind  authority,  and  if  human  ingenuity  do  notj 
aspire  to  be  wiser  than  Divine  Providence. 

When  the  expansion  of  the  human  faculties,! 
and  the  civil  and  social  ii.  provement  of  mankind,  j 
shall  have  attained  the  point  towards  which  Eu- 
rope has  been  gradually  verging  during  the  last] 
three  hundred  years,  all  civilized  nations  must| 
be  impelled  by  the  desire  of  establishing  a  per- 
manent system  of  connexion  with  the  remotest  j 
parts  of  the  world.     The  love  of  luxury  and  the 
thirst  of  knowledge,  new  wants,  and  new  powers  j 
of  industry,  the  dictates  of  reason,  and  the  al- 
lurements of  passion,  combine  to  give  an  impulse 
that  is  irresistible  to  this  propensity.    What  was 

•  Gf  ntz's  State  of  Europe  before  and  after  the  French 
Revolution. 


PREFACE. 


XI 


the  French 


originally  only  a  spirit  of  adventnre,  is  gradually 
converted  into  systematic  activity,  and  what  at 
first  was  superfluity,  becomes  habitual,  regular, 
and  necessary.  The  productions  of  the  most  dis- 
tant regions  become  articles  of  daily  necessity : 
the  sea  as  well  as  the  land  is  covered  by  the  hu- 
man species,  and  navigation,  commerce,  and 
colonization,  arc  ranked  with  the  more  simple 
occupations  of  agriculture  and  domestic  manu- 
facture. 

If  then  the  possession  of  .colonies  upon  these 
general  principles  be  a  matter  of  such  high  im- 
portance, as  to  indentify  their  existence  and 
prosperity  with  that;  of  the  parent  state,  it  be- 
comes still  of  much  greater  importance,  when 
that  parent  is  circumscribed  within  narrow  geo- 
graphical limits,  yet  possessing  a  national  great- 
ness of  the  first  and  most  imposing  order, 
founded  upon  the  union  of  the  state  with  her 
foreign  possessions.  Such  is  the  situation  of 
Great  Britain,  and  such  the  foundations  of  her 
national  pre-eminence.  Begirt  around  by  the 
waters  of  the  ocean,  her  superior  prowess  upon 
this  element,  combined  with  an  indefatigable 
spirit  of  perseverance,  has  given  her  the  most 
valuable  and  extensive  dominion  in  each  quarter 
of  the  globe.  But  however  desirable  even  her 
Eastern  possessions  are,  which  attract  so  much 
attention  by  their  dazzling  splendour,  no  portion 
of  her  empire  is  of  such  vital  importance  as 
her  North  American  provinces ;  partly  because 
they  employ  the  greatest  quantity  of  shipping, 
and  also  as  being  capable  of  supplying  the  mo- 


Xll 


FRIFACI. 


I 


ther  country,  and  her  other  dependencies,  with 
an  abiii'lince  of  the  articles  necessary  for  her 
wants  and  enjoyments. 

But  the  immense  value  of  these  colonies  ap- 
pears, not  only  from  a  review  of  their  produc- 
tions, their  grt^at  and  improvable  resources,  their 
employment  of  our  shipping,  and  their  utility  as 
a  nursery  for  our  sailors  :  the  sentiments  of  other 
European  nations  respecting  their  importance^ 
and  the  deep  distress  experienced  by  them  when 
dejirived  of  the  articles  of  colonial  produce; 
and,  above  all,  the  conduct  of  France,  in  the 
various  efforts  made  to  retain  possession  of 
her  American  dominions,  most  clearly  evinces 
how  highly  she  estimates  their  importance  ;  and 
though  deprived  of  her  Canadian  territories,  yet 
the  anxious  wish  of  again  possessing  some  por- 
tion of  the  American  continent,  continues  to  rule 
in  the  breast  of  every  French  politician.  This 
fact  has  been  strikingly  evinced  in  a  pamphlet, 
written  during  the  consulship  of  Buonaparte, 
by  M.  Talleyrand,  one  of  the  most  sagacious 
and  profound  statesmen  which  that  or  any  other 
country  ever  possessed.  The  following  extract, 
while  it  exhibits  the  beauty  and  fertility  of  the 
country  in  question,  displays  the  strongest  de- 
sire for  the  attainment  of  its  object,  at  the  sitme 
time  that  it  develops  the  writer's  views  of  its 
importance,  by  his  anxiety  for  the  removal  of 
every  obstacle  to  its  possession.  Nor  does  it 
less  clearly  unfold  the  ti  ae  value  of  the  colonics 
to  Great  Britain,  and  the  course  of  policy  neces- 
sary for  her  adoption  in  regard  to  them.  **  *  Our 

*  From  ilie  New  Quarterly  Review. 


are  an  u 


PREFACE. 


••• 

xm 


nation  (says  M.  Talleyrand,  referring  to  Louisi- 
ana) had  the  vain  honour  of  conferring  a  name 
on  a  portion  of  the  globe,  not  exceeded  by 
any  other  portion  of  it,  in  all  the  advantages  of 
the  climate  and  soil.  Before  the  war  of  1757, 
it  was  an  immense  valley,  watered  by  a  deep 
and  beneficent  river.  This  river  first  acquires 
importance  in  the  latitude  of  45,  north.  It 
flows  in  a  devious  course  about  two  thousand 
miles,  and  enters  the  bay  of  Mexico,  by  many 
mouths,  in  latitude  29.  In  these  latitudes  is 
comprised  the  temperate  zone,  which  has  been 
deemed  most  favourable  to  the  perfectioA  of 
the  animal  and  vegetable  nature.  This  advan- 
tage is  not  marred  by  the  chilling  and  sterilify^ 
ing  influence  of  lofty  mountains,  the  pestilential 
fumes  of  intractable  bogs,  or  the  dreary  unifor- 
mity of  sandy  plains.  Throughout  the  whole 
extent,  there  is  not,  probably,  a  snow-capt  hill, 
a  moving  sand,  or  a  volcanic  eminence. 

"  This  valley  is  of  different  breadths.  The 
ridge  which  bounds  it  on  the  east,  is  in  some 
places  nearly  a  thousand  miles  from  the  great 
middle  stream.  From  this  ridge,  secondary 
rivers,  of  great  extent  and  magnificence,  flow 
towards  the  centre,  and  the  intermediate  regions 
are  an  uncultivated  Paradise.  On  the  west,  the 
valley  is  of  similar  dimensions,  the  streams  are 
equally  large  and  useful,  and  the  condition  of  the 
surface  equally  delightful. 

*'  We  must  first  observe,  that,  in  gaining 
possession  of  this  territory,  we  shall  not  enter 
on  a  desert,  where  the  forest  must  be  removed 

£2 


XiV 


PREFACE. 


i     'III. 


before  a  shelter  can  be  built ;  whither  we  must 
carry  the  corn  and  the  clothes  necessary  to  pre- 
sent  subsistence ;  and  the  seed,  the  tools,  and 
the  cattle,  which  are  requisite  to  raise  a  future 
provi  ion. 

"  There  cannot,  in  the  first  place,  be  imagin- 
ed  a  district  more  favourable  to  settlement.  In 
addition  to  a  genial  climate  and  soil,  there  arc 
the  utmost  facilities  of  communication  and  com- 
merce. The  whole  district  is  the  sloping  side 
of  a  valley,  through  which  run  deep  and  navi- 
gable  rivers,  which  begin  their  course  in  the 
remotest  borders,  and  which  all  terminate  in  the 
central  stream.  This  stream,  one  of  the  longest 
and  widest  in  the  world,  is  remarkably  distin- 
guished by  its  depth,  and  freedom  from  natural 
impediments.  It  flows  into  a  gulf  which  con- 
tains a  great  number  of  populous  islands.  Among 
these  islands  are  numerous  passages  into  the 
ocean,  which  washes  the  shores  of  Europe. 
Thus,  not  only  every  part  of  the  district  is  easily 
accessible  by  means  of  rivers,  but  the  same 
channels  are  ready  to  convey  the  products  of 
every  quarter  to  the  markets  most  contiguous 
and  remote. 

**  Tlie  Nile  flows  in  a  torrid  climate  through 
a  long  and  narrow  valley.  The  fertility  which 
its  annual  inundations  produce,  extends  only 
two  or  three  leagues  on  either  side  of  it.  The 
benefits  of  this  fertility  are  marred  by  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  scorching  sands,  over  which  the 
gales  carry  .Mitolerable  heat  and  incurable  pesti-  . 
lence,  and  which  harbour  a  race  of  savages,  | 


!l^^ 


PREFACE. 


XV 


wliose  trade  is  war  and  pillage.  Does  this  river 
bestow  riches  worthy  of  the  greatest  eflforts  of 
the  nation  to  gain  them,  and  shall  the  greater 
Nile  of  the  western  hemisphere  be  neglected  ? 
A  Nile,  whose  inundations  diffuse  the  fertility 
of  Egypt  twenty  leagues  from  its  shores,  which 
occupies  a  valley  wider  than  from  the  Duna  to 
the  Rhine,  which  Lows  among  the  most  beau- 
tiful dales,  and  under  the  benignest  seasons,  and 
which  is  skirted  by  a  civilized  and  kindred  na- 
tion on  one  side,  and  on  the  other  by  extensive 
regions,  over  which  the  tide  of  growing  popula- 
tion may  spread  itself  without  hindrance  or 
danger. 

*'  But  of  what  avail  will  be  all  these  advan- 
tages, unless  a  market  be  provided  for  the  pro- 
duce of  the  soil  ?  Now,  this  market  is  ahtady 
provided.  For  all  that  it  can  product,  France 
alone  will  supply  thirty  millions  of  consumers. 
The  choicest  luxuries  of  Europe  are  coffee, 
sugar,  and  tobacco.  The  most  useful  materials 
of  clothing  are  cotton  and  silk.  All  these  are 
either  natives  of  the  Mississippi  valley,  or  re- 
markably congenial  to  it.  The  cultivation  of 
these,  and  the  carriage  to  market,  are,  as  obvi- 
ous and  easy  as  the  most  ardent  politician  can 
desire.  The  whole  extent  of  the  river  will  be 
our  own,  and  in  the  lower  and  most  fertile  por- 
tion of  its  course,  the  banks  on  both  sides  will 
be  our  indisputable  property. 

**  The  friend  of  the  health,  longevity,  and 
useful  pleasure  of  the  human  species,  and  of 
the  opulence  of  France,   could  not  devise  a 


i 


XVI 


PREFACE. 


1*1 


1  i: 

•If 

it 


better  scheme  than  one  which  should  enable! 
every  inhabitant  of  Europe  to  consume  half-a. 
pound  of  sugar  a-day,  and  assign  to  Frenchmen 
the  growth,  the  carriage,  and  the  distribution  of 
so  much.*  Now  this  scheme  is  no  other  than 
the  possession  of  the  American  Nile.  But  this 
end  may  be  too  magnificent  to  be  deemed  credi- 
ble.  Let  us,  then,  confine  ourselves  to  the  con. 
sumption  of  France  ;  for,  this  alone  will  be  ade-l 
quate  to  the  employment^  and  conducive  to  the 
wealth,  of  a  vast  number  of  cultivators. 

"A  much  less  bt  neficial  luxury  is  coffee,  but 
this  our  habits  have  equally  endeared  to  us. 
We  have  hitherto  drawn  it  from  the  same  foun-* 
tain  wnich  has  supplied  us  with  sugar :  the  trade 
in  it  must  follow  the  same  destiny  ;  the  same 
benefits  will  flow  from  increasing  the  supply,, 
and  from  drawing  the  supply  from  the  valley  of 
the  Mississippi. 

"  I  shall  pass  over,  without  mentioning,  many 
other  articles,  such  as  tobacco,  indigo,  and  the 
like,  for  which  France  and  the  rest  of  Europe 
will  supply  an  unlimited  consumption,  and  has- 
ten to  articles  which  are  of  more  importance, 
and  these  are  cotton  and  provisions. 

"The  most  beautiful  production  of  nature 
is  cotton.  It  was  more  than  the  caprice  of  fa- 
shion  that  went  to  the  extrinieties  of  the  East  in 
search  of  this  material,  for  there  is  none  capable 

•  225,000,000  cwl.  the  produce  of  an  area,  not  exceed- 
ing that  ot  Guienne,  Normandy,  and  Brittany,  are  not 

the  twentieth  part  of  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi 

Tramslatok. 


PREFACE. 


XVll 


)f  a  greater  number  of  uses,  of  so  many  forms, 
jind  such  various  colours.  Its  texture  may  con- 
stitute the  lightest  and  most  beautiful  ornaments, 
)r  the  best  defence  against  the  intemperature  of 
|he  air. 

"  The  nations  of  the  East  have  used  it  imme- 
lorially,  and  from  them  has  it  gradually  been 
)rought  to  Europe.  The  use  of  it  seems  to 
lave  been  limited  by  nothing  but  the  power  of 
)rocuring  it.  Like  sugar,  the  use  of  it  has  in- 
treastd  since  it  has  been  naturalized  to  the  soil 
)f  America.  The  consumption  has,  in  like 
lanner,  been  eager  to  out-run  the  supply. 

"  77z^  American  States  have^  of  late ^  become 
\emihle  of  the  value  of  the  commerce  in  cotton^ 
knd  their  success  supplies  us  with  a  new  exam- 
ble,  and  a  powerful  inducement  to  appropriate. 
In  part,  the  territory  of  Mississippi  to  the  same 
mture, 

"But  now  comeis  the  fearful  and  scrupulous 
lead  to  dash  these  charming  prospects.  Obsta- 
:les  to  these  great  achievements,  multiply  in  his 
|imorous  fancy.  He  expatiates  on  'he  length  of 
[he  way  ;  the  insalubrity  of  uncultivated  lands  ; 
)f  a  climate  to  which  the  constitution  and  habits 
)f  the  colonists  are  uncongenial ;  of  a  soil,  part 
)f  which,  and  that  accessible  and  most  valuable, 
|ies  under  a  torrid  sun,  and  is  annually  inun- 
iated. 

"Now  all  these  difficulties  are  imaginary, 
[rhey  are  real  in  relation  to  a  frst  settlement, 
[fhey  ought  to  be  taken  into  a  strict  account,  if 
pur  projects  extended  to  New  Holland  or  to 


1  S  ! 


xvin 


PREFACE. 


^^^ 


k 


California.  In  all  real  cases,  these  difficultieJ 
have  been  gri^at  by  reason  of  the  avarice,  i,.jus] 
tice,  and  folly,  of  the  colonizing  nation  ;  and  tlJ 
wisest  plans  could  not  totally  exclude,  thouej 
they  would  greatly  lessen,  and  easily  surmounl 
them.  Bur  Louisiana  is  not  a  new  settlement] 
It  IS  one  of  the  oldest  in  North  America.  All 
the  labours  of  discovering  and  of  setting  ihe 
first  foot  on  a  desert  shore,  were  suffered  and 
accomplished  long  ago.. 

**  Th.^  Spaniards  must  be  thoroughly  awarJ 
that  their  power  in  Mexico  and  Peru  exists  W 
the  weakness  and  division  of  their  vassals,  and 
by  the  remoteness  and  competition  of  their  Kul 
ropean  enemies.  Unwise  and  imbecile  as  thai 
nation  has  generally  appeared  in  latter  times] 
the  admission  of  the  French  to  a  post,  froiJ 
whence  their  dominions  may  be  so  easily  annoy] 
ed  at  present,  and  from  which  their  future  exf 
pulsion  is  inevitable,  is  a  folly  too  egregiouJ 
even  for  them  to  commit,  and  of  which  ihJ 
most  infatuated  of  their  counsels  has  not  hither] 
to  given  an  example.  ] 

"If  Spain  should  refuse  the  cession,  there  ii 
an  end  to  our  golden  vieivs.  Our  empire  in  thel 
new  world  is  strangled  in  its  cradle  ;  or  at  least] 
the  prosecution  of  our  scheme  must  wait  for  al 
more  propitious  season.  But,  should  the  furl 
tune  of  our  great  leader  continue  her  smiles; 
should  our  neighbour  be  trepanned  orintimidJ 
ted  into  this  concession,  there  is  removed,  indecdj 
one  obstacle,  of  itself  insuperable ;  but  only  tol 


PREFACE. 


XIX 


rive  way  to  another,  at  least,  equally  hard  to 
|ubdiie  and  that  is,  the  opposition  of  England, 
I  **  That  nation  justly  rtgards  us  as  the  most 
rormidable  enemy  to  htr  greatness.  Of  late,  if 
jier  pride  would  confess  the  truth,  she  would 
Icknowlcdge  that  not  her  greatness  only,  but  her 
lery  being  was  endangered,  either  bv  the  influ- 
ence of  our  arms,  or  the  contagion  of  our  exam,. 
\le  She  was  assailed  in  htr  vitals,  as  the  con- 
fusions  of  Ireland  will  testify.  She  was  attacked 
In  her  extremities,  as  the  expedition  to  Egypt, 

mere  prelude  to  the  conquest  of  Hindostan| 
n\\  prove.  Her  eflforts  to  repel  both  these  at- 
acks,  were  suitable  to  their  importance,  and 
jvince  the  magnitude  of  her  fears.  The  pos- 
jession  of  the  vantage-ground  enabled  her  to 
jrush  the  Irish.  Her  naval  superiority, 
jnd  the  caprice  of  the  winds,  enabled  her  to 
Iheck  our  victorious  career  in  the  Kast. 

"  Will  they  suffer  France  to  possess  herself 
|f  the  most  effectual  means  of  prosecuting  fu- 
ture wars  to  a  different  issue  ?     Their  navy  and 
leir  commerce  are,  at  present,  all  their  trust. 
'nince  may  add   Italy  and  Germany  to  her  do- 
ninions  with  less  detriment   to  England  than 
i^ould  follow  from  her  acquisition  of  a  navy, 
jnd  the  extension  of  her  trade.   Whatever  gives 
jolonies  to  France,  supplies  her  with  ships  and 
lailors,  manufactures  and  husbandmen.     Victo- 
|cs  by  land  can  oiily  give  her  mutinous  subjects  \ 
kho,  instead  of  augmenting  the  national  force, 
by  their  riches  or  numbers,  contribute  only  to 
lisperse  and  enfeeble  that  force ;  but  the  growth 


'  i 


XX 


PREFACE. 


/  k 


of  colonies  supplies  her  with  zealous  c?>?rf«J 
and  the  increase  of  real  wealth  and  tfFtctivei 
numbers  is  the  certain  consequence. 

*'What  could  Germany,   Italy,  Spain,   and) 
France,    combining    their    strength,    perform! 
against   England?     They   might   assemble  iij 
millions  on  the  shores  of  the  channel,  but  therl 
would  be   the  limit  of  their  enmity.     Withou 
ships  to  carry  th   -)  r,ver  ;  without  experiencej 
mariners  to  navij^        jese  ships,  England  wouli 
only  deride  the  poinpous  preparation.  The  mol 
ment  we  leave  the  shore  her  fleets  are  ready  tof 
pounce  upon  us ;  to  disperse  and  destroy  ou 
ineftectual  armaments.     There  lies  their  secuj 
rity :  in  their  insular  situation  and  their  navy 
consist  their  impregnable  defence.     Their  navJ 
is^,  in  every  respect,  the  offspring  of  their  trade] 
To  rob  them  of  that,  therefore,  is  to  beat  down 
their  last  wall,  and  fill  up  their  last  moat.     To, 
gain  it  to  ourselves,  is  to  enable  us  to  take  ad] 
vantage  of  their  deserted  and  defenceless  borj 
ders,  and  to  complete  the  humiliation  of  oi 
only  remaining  competitor. 

"  The  trade  which  enriches  England  lies  chiejli 
in  the  products  of  foreign  climates.  But  her  Inl 
dian  territories  produce  nothing  which  the  Mis] 
sissippi  could  not  as  easily  produce.  The  Ganl 
ges  fertilizes  a  valley  less  extensive.  Its  Dei 
tas,  as  w^ell  as  those  of  the  Nile,  are  in  the  sam| 
latitudes,  and  these  rivers  generate  the  same  ex] 
uberant  soil,  only  in  smaller  space  and  in  lesi 
quantities  than  the  great  western  Nile :  but  thd 
Mississippi  comprehends  in  its  bosom,  the  re] 


PREF  ACJi. 


XXI 


>us  citizens] 


gions  of  the  temperate  zone  as  well  as  the  tro- 
j  pical  climates  and  products.     The  arctic  circle 
in  America  will  be  equally  accessible  to  us  and 
to  the  English.     Our  ancient  possessions  in  Ca- 
I  nada  will  in  due  season  return  to  us  of  their  own 
\  accord ;  and  meanwhile,  a  double  portion   of 
anxiety,  and  double  provision  of  forts  and  gar- 
risons, will  fall  to  the  lot  of  the  usurping  Eng- 
lish.    The  progress  of  the  French  will  expose 
their  islands,  first  to  be  excluded  from  the  mar- 
kets of  Europe,  and  next  to  be  swallowed  up  by 
military  power.     At  present,  the  protector  and 
the  enemy  are  at  an  equal  distance ;  but  then 
{there  will  only  be  a  narrow  frith   between  the 
Mississippi  and  the  isles,  between  the  invaders 
land  the  objects  they  covet,  while  the  defenders 
would  be,  as  now,  afar  off;  neither  apprized  of 
our  designs,  nor  able  to  defeat  them. 

**  This  nation  could  not  bury  itself  in  a  more 
inaccessible  fortress  than  this  valley.  The  mouths 
of  this  river,  as  to  all  attacks  by  sea,  are  better 
than  the  bastions  of  Malta.  All  around  the  en- 
trance is  impassable  to  men  and  horses,  and  the 
great  channel  is  alread;^  barred  by  forts,  easily 
extended  and  improved.  A  wise  policy  would 
teach  the  English  to  dive^^  our  attention  from 
this  quarter,  by  the  sacrifice  of  Valetta  or  Gib- 
!  raltar 

**  Can  we  imagine  the  English,  so  vigilant,  so 

prudent  m  all  afikirs  connected  with  their  mari- 

I  tune  empire,  so  quick  in  their  suspicions,  so 

prompt  m  their   precautions,  can  be  blind  to 

the  dangers  with  which  this  cession  will  menace 


XXll 


PREFACE. 


, 


f 


them?  No  defeats  or  humiliations,  short  ol 
their  island,  will  make  them  acquiesce  in  such 
arrangements. 

"  It  is  contrary  to  all  probability  that  either 
Spain  or  Fngland  will  be  tractable  on  thisoccaJ 
sion  ;  but,  if  the  danger,  by  being  distant,  is  in. 
vibible  to  them  ;  or  if  the  present  evils,  arising 
to  England  from  the  continuance  of  the  war,  or 
to  Spain  from  the  resentment  of  the  French  go. 
vernment,  should  outweigh,  in  their  apprehtnJ 
sions,  all  future  evils,  and  prevail  on  one  to  grant, 
and  on  the  other  to  connive  at  the  grant,  by 
what  arguments,  by  what  promises,  by  what 
threats,  by  whai  hostile  efforts,  shall  we  extort 
the  consent  of  the  American  States  ?  How  shalll 
wc  prevail  on  them  to  alienate  the  most  valua- 
ble  portion  of  their  territory ;  to  admit  into  their] 
vitals  a  formidablt  and  active  pfple,  whose  in\ 
terests  are  incompatible^  in  every  pointy  witA 
their  own  ;  whose  enterprises  will  inevitably  in\ 
terfrre  and  jar  with  theirs;  whose  neighbourl 
hood  will  cramp  all  their  movements;  circuml 
scribe  their  future  progress  to  narrow  and  igtioX 
minious  bounds  ;  and  make  incessant  inroads  onl 
their  harmony  and  independence. 

*♦  Long  ago  would  the  lesser  princes  of  ItalyJ 
and  Germany  have  disappeared,  if  Sweden, 
France,  Prussia,  and  Austria,  had  not  stood  rca| 
dy  lo  snatch  the  spoil  from  each  other.  Loiij 
ago  would  the  Turkish  robbers  have  been  drij 
ven  back  to  their  native  deserts,  if  any  single  naJ 
tion  of  Europe  had  been  suffered  by  the  Vest  tol 
execute  that  easy  task.  But  the  Spaniards  knowl 


■1  ■ 


■  f|«t!<.iW»."    '   P'<P 


fREPACE. 


XX  HI 


that  Spain  a  id  America  must  one  day  fall  asun- 
der. Why  then  should  they  decline  a  present 
benefit,  in  order  to  preclude  one  means  of  an 
event,  which  yet,  by  other  means,  if  not  by 
these,  will  mevitably  happen? 

"As  to  England,  all  the  disadvantages  with 
which  this  event  h  said  to  menace  her  are  real. 
AH  the  consequences  just  predicted  to  her  colol 
|nies,  to  her  trade,  to  her  navy,  to  her  ultimate 
existence,  will  indisputably  follow.    T/ie  scheme 
hs  eligible  to  us  chiefly  on  this  account ;  and  these 
Iconsequences,   if  they  rouse  the  English  to  a 
Isturdier  opposition,  ought  likewise  to  stimulate 
■♦Jie  ^rench  to  more  strenuous  perseverance. 
"But,  m  truth,  every  Frenchman  must  laueh 
mh  scorn  at  the  thought  of  British  opposition: 
What  would  the  Spaniards  say,  were  they  told 
3y  the  Enghsh-You  must  not  give  away  this 
:oIony.     Though  a  great  incumbrance  to  you 
and  a  great  benefit  to  those  whom  it  is  your  in! 
kerest  and  duty  to  oblige,  you  must,  by  ni  means 
krt  with  It.     What  patience,  either  in  Se 
)r  Spain,  would  tolerate  an  interference  thus 
laughty,  from  an  enemy  to  both  ?    But  when 
Is  this  opposition  to  be  made  ?     This  is  not  a 
Subject  of  debate  between  the  agents  of  Ene- 
land  and  France.     It  falls  not  under  their  dif 
.ussion.     It  cannot,  therefore,  be  the  occasion 
)f  their  interviews.     There  is  no  room  for  on 
position  to  what  comes  not  under  our  notice. 

if^lV^T"  """,''  ^^:^^^^  ^^^^°"t  ^heir  know. 

ledge.     It  IS  only  to  be  published  by  its  exccu- 

lon,  and  when  the  French  are  safely  lodged  in 


% 


XXIV 


PREFACE. 


the  Mississippi,  the  gaipsayings  of  the  English 
will  be  too  late. 

•'  But  there  is  a  nearer,  and,  it  must  be  owned, 
a  more  formidable  nation,  to  gain.     If  there  be 
any  truth  in  the  picture  heretofore  drawn,  of  the 
value  of  this  province  to  France,  it  must  be,  in 
a  still  greater  proportion,  of  value  to  the  Ameri- 
can  States.     If  the  powers  of  this  rising  nation 
were  entrusted  to  the^jhands  of  one  wise  man ; 
if  the  founder  of  the  nation  was  still  its  supreme 
magistrate,  and  he  had  no  wills  to  consult  but 
his  own,  the  French,  most   probably,   would  i 
never  be  allowed  to  set  their  foot  on  that  shore. 
But  the  truth,  the  desirable  truth,  is,  that  oppo.1 
sition  is  the  least  to  be  dreaded  from  those  who] 
have  most  reason  to  oppose  us.     They,  whose  I 
interests  are  most  manifest,  may  be  most  easily 
deceived ;  whose  danger  is  most  imminent,  may  i 
most   easily   be  lulled    into   security.     They, 
whose  vicinity  to  the  scene  of  action  puts  it 
most  in  their  power  to  enact  their  own  safety; 
whose  military  force  might  be  most  easily  as- 
sembltd  and  directed  to  this  end,  we  shall  have 
the  least  trouble  in  dividing,  intimidating,  and 
disarming.  1 

*'  I  come  now  to  the  last  difficulty,  which  the| 
most  scrupulous  oljjector  has  discovered;  and|l 
t/iis  difficulty  will  be  dissipated  xvith  more  east  1 
than  the  rest.  On  what  foundation  does  it  repose, 
but  the  visionary  notion,  that  the  conduct  of  na- 
tions IS  governed  by  enlightened  views  to  their 
own  interest  ?  The  rulers  of  nations  have  views 
of  their  own,  and  they  are  gained  by  the  grati 


Iff- 


I  I 


fRIPACE. 


xrv 


hcation  of  these  private  views.     The  more  indi 
viduals  there  are  that  govern,  a„d  the  more  var 
o«s  their  conditions  and  their  charactrXmore 
d,ss.m.lar  are  their  interests,  and  the  morTre! 
pugmmt  these  interests  to  those  of  each  other 
and  the  interests  of  tlie  whole.  ' 

"Was  there  ever  a  people  who  exhibited  so 
motey  a  character,   who  have  vested  a  more 
limited  and  precarious  authority  in  their  rute« 
who  have  multiplied  so  much'the  n^.Xt"  f 
those  that  goveni  j   who  have  disr.ersed  them 

U^T-  T  r/"^'  '.  ^P'-"^^  '  ""<•  h-ve  been    3' 
by  this  ocal  dispersion,  to  create  so  many  cash 

^J:7'z:l:r  ^-"''-^  i..-ests/.;'t 

They  call  theinacives  free,  vet  m  fifth  ^r  *u^' 

number  are   slaves        T]vl   J       r^^}^^^^ 
,.,u  I  1    **''^^^*       -l^at   proportion    of  tlii^ 

whole  people  are  ground  by  a  yoke  more  drea 
ful  and  debasing  than  the  predial  servitude  of  I'o 
land  and  Russia.     They  iall  themselves  „„.  v^ 
all  languages  are  native  to  their   citizens      AH 
countries  have  contributed  their  outcast    and  re 
iuse  to  make  them  a  people.     Even  the  race  of 

beast's''  ir  ''T  '""r''  <"•  °'"nust  above  X 
Beasts,  are   scattered  every  where  amone-  them 

™d  in  some  of  the  district  of  theielireT' 
nearly  a  moiety  of  the  whole.  ^     ' 

"  Such  is  the  people  whom  we.  it  seem,  «r. 
to  fear,  because  their  true  intereu  won  w     '  . 
them  our  enemies  ;  with  whom  tTr ftoTon' 
X  areTm'T'  °'"'  "'"'^^^  '^^'  '"  «™3     We" 

counscls ;  the  celerit^  in  ^^ecX.:"  the\S; 


i  ■ 


V   ■'!' 


XXVI 


PREFACE. 


t- ^ 


of  interests ;  the  wisdom  of  experience  ;  and  the 
force  of  compactness,  of  which  this  patchwork 
repuhhc  is  notoriously  destitute.  Their  numbers ! 
Ihat^  when  the  parts  are  discordant,  is  only  fuel 
more  easily  kindled,  and  producing?  a  more  ex- 
tensive and  unquenchable  flame.  Five  millions 
of  jarring  and  factious  citizens  are  far  less  for- 
midable than  a  disciplined  and  veteran  legion  of 
as  many  thousands. 

"  But  the  great  weakness  of  these  States  arises 
from  their  form  of  government,  and  the  condition 
and  the  habits  of  the  people.  Their  form  of  go- 
vernment, and  the  state  of  the  country,  js  a  hot- 
bed for  faction  and  sedition.  The  utmost  force 
of  all  the  wisdom  they  possess,  is  exerted  in 
keeping  the  hostile  parts  together.  These  parts 
are  unlike  each  other,  and  each  one  has  the  indi- 
vidmlizing  prejudices  of  a  separate  state  ;  all  the 
puerile  jealousies  of  the  greatness  of  others ;  all 
the  petty  animosities  which  make  neighbours 
quarrel  with  each  other  without  cause.  How 
slight  an  additional  infusion  is  requisite  to  set 
this  heterogeneous  mass  into  commotion !  to 
make  the  diifcrent  parts  incline  different  ways,  on 
the  great  question  of  war ! 

"  The  master  of  the  Mississippi  will  be  placed 
so  as  to  control,  in  the  most  effectual  manner, 
these  internal  waves.  It  is  acknowledged  that 
he  holds  in  his  hands  the  bread  of  all  the  settle, 
menis  westwaad  of  the  hills.  He  may  dispense 
or  withhold  at  his  pleasure.  See  we  not  the 
mighty  influence  that  this  power  will  give  us  over 
the  councils  of  the  States  !'' 

*'  This  region,  so  valuable,  has  been  transferred 


ive  us  over 


i'HEFACE. 


XXVll 


U  one  deadly  rival  of  this  country  to  another  ; 
vhosc  inclinations  and   opportunities   assume  a 
lore   tremendous  character   than   the    former: 
^'hose  restless  hatred  and  ambition  are  in  conse' 
iience    rendered   comparatively  impotent;  but 
K^hich,  at  the  same  time,  has  given  to  the  latter  a 
Durce  of  power  not  to  be  viewed   without  the 
h-eatest  concern ;  and  our  government   tamely 
boking  on,  while  the  United  States  most  fraS 
ent^v  took  possession  of  this  fine  country,  in  trust 
or  Bonaparte ;  being  the  first  step  of  a  projected 
loncert  between   the  ruler  of  pVance   and   the 
American  government,  for  depriving  Great  Bri- 
"k    'v^  Canadian  tenitories.     By  this  strange 
nbecihty  on  our   part,    we   have   permitted  a 
kurce  of  the  most  stable  greatness  ti  pass  from 
lur  hands ;  the  value  of  which  to  us  must  hav^ 
kn  greatly  enhanced  by  its  contiguity  to  our 
IVest  Indian  islands  ;  by  L  being  the  key  to  ^ 
lich  and  fertile  plains  of  the  Ohio  and  MissLippi! 
by  the  avenue  it  would  open  for  our  manufactuVes 
hto  one  of  the  most  populous  and  wealthy  of  all 
^c  Spanish  colonies  ;~but  most  of  all,  by  the 
hmmand  this  would  have  given  us,  in  union^^JitS 
Ihe  Ca„adas,  over  the  United  States,  which  would 
ben  hive  been  surrounded  by  British  power,  and 
pie  whole  length  of  internal  frontier  open  at  all 
[imes  to  the  admission  of  our  merchandize. 

liut  these  territories,  that  would  thus  have  con 

ributed  so  essentially  to  our  national  prosperitv" 

ave  been  quietly  surrendered  ;  while  the  Ss 

four  late  policy  seem  to  indicate  an  inattention 

k  Ignorance  the  most  alarming;  not  only  by  he 

vant  of  exertion  in  the  defence  of  our  North 


\ 


I 


XXVlll 


PRIFACE. 


American  provinces,  and  the  indecisive  measures 
of  offence  adopted ;  but  also  by  the  continuance 
of  various  commercial  privileges,  unknown  tol 
Qur  own  subjects.  These  having  been  enjoyed 
for  a  length  of  time,  have  contributed  to  give  thcl 
Americans  a  weight  and  preponderance  whiohl 
they  have  not  failed  to  appreciate  ;  anticipating,! 
with  malevolent  exultation,  the  time  when,  pos'l 
sessed  of  our  provinces  also,  they  shall  behold  our 
venerated  country  bowing  with  ignominy  to  theirl 
exalted  state.  | 

The  author  of  the  following  pages  is  therefore! 
induced  to  oiFer  them  to  the  public,  from  thel 
fullest  conviction  of  mind,  that,  in  doing  so,  he 
is  performing  a  most  urgent  duty.  He  has  traJ 
versed,  as  an  attentive  observer,  the  West  Indies,! 
the  United  States,  and  the  British  provinces  ofl 
North  America;  and  has  possesised  himself  ofl 
opmions  and  facts,  by  an  intercourse  with  personsi 
of  all  ranks  and  parties  ;  having  only  one  object 
in  view,  the  developemcnt  of  truth,  and  the  pro- 
motion  of  his  country's  mterest. 

Thus  excursive,  and  prosecuting  his  plan  un-. 
noticed,  he  has  had  means  of  investigating  causes 
and  effects,  which  the  mere  agents  of  government 
can  never  possess.     When   commissioners   arc 
appointed  to  inquire  into  the  affairs  of  a  colony, 
or  investigate   causes   of  complaint,   they  do  it 
under  circumstances  highly  unfavourable  to  the 
attainment  of  their  object.     No  sooner  do  they 
arrive  than  their  motives  are  avowed,   their  pur- 
suits  are  known,  and  they  must  also  support  the 
dignity  of  their  mission  by  a  suitable  rank,  calcu- 
lated  to  give  the  necessary  eclat  to  their  mission.! 


PREFACE. 


XXIX 


Their  company,  under  these  circumstances,  be- 
comes assiduously  courted,  by  what  is  called  the 
respectable  part  of  the  community  ;  while  they 
Imust  not  degrade  themselves  by  mixing  with  the 
vulgar.     Thus,  cither  their  time  is  misspent  in 
the  pursuit  of  pleasure,  to  which  they  are  strongly 
allured  by  the  hospitality  of  the  country,  or  they 
are  taught  to  echo  the  prejudices  of  a  few  indivi- 
I duals,  and  arc  kept  in  comparative  ignorance  of 
Uhe  real  state  of  things.     Circumstances  of  this 
kind  have  come  under  the  Author's  personal  ob- 
servation ;  and  he  could,  if  necessary,  give  a  strik- 
ing instance  of  an  expensive  and  pompous  com- 
mission, arriving  in  a  colony  where  abuses  in  a 
certain  department  existed,  and  were  matters  of 
such  notoriety  as  to  be  the  subjects  of  general 
conversation  at  the  very  time  of  its  arrival,  and 
during  the   whole  of  its  stay ;  notwithstanding 
which,  it  is  a  fact  that  the  commissioners  departed 
without  making  the  necessary  discovery.     But  as 
it  is  not  the  Author's  intention  to  excite  the  po- 
pular discontent,  or  cast  an  invidious  censure  on 
the  respectable  gentlemen  who  held  the  commis- 
sion, he  waves  the  subject,  under  the  full  per- 
I  suasion  thit  the  commissioners  were  blameless, 
except  in  this  one  point,  that  thev  visited  only  a 
few  leading  characters,  who  studied  to  divert  their 
'  attention  from  the  object  of  their  inquiry,  while  a 
more  open  intercourse  with  the  public  would  have 
given  the  desired  information. 

Governors  of  colonies  would  be  more  able  to 
develope  the  truth,  were  it  not  for  the  necessity  of 
supporting  their  rank  and  state.  Add  to  which, 
Demg  frequently  military  characters,  widi  a  very 


1'^ 


^.^ 


"TMI.fa.ia'v.'ji 


M 


XXX 


PREFACl. 


W 


ii ' 


^i'l 


superficial  knowledi^e  of  commercial  affairs,  thcv 
are  not  often  much  acquainted  with  the  spirit  of 
trade,  or  the  secret  springs  which  animate  the 
body  poliiic,  particularly  those  which  call  forth 
the  energies  of  a  colony.  In  short,  a  variety  of 
circumstances  combine  to  keep  them  in  an  as- 
tonislung  state  ol  ignorance,  and  thereby  to  per. 
petuate  error  and  misconception. 

Ministers  to  the  United   States  are  in  a  still 

more  dangerous  situation,  having  there  to  encounJ 

ter  a  universal  system  of  deception.  No  pains  are 

spared  to  flatter  dieir  vanity,  sooth  their  appetites, 

or  decoy  them  into  engagements  better  suited  to 

the  traveller  m  quest  of  pleasure,  than  to  the  agent 

of  a  government.     By  these  insidious  arts,  false 

impressions  are  stamped  on  their  minds ;  and  thus 

prepossessed,  they  communicate  their  sentiments 

to  the   government  at  home;  sentiments  which 

■  deceive  and  poison  the  public  mind,  and  paralyze 

public  measures. 

The  evils  of  this  fatal  prepossession  have  been 
most  severely  feh  throughout  the  late  war  ;  evils 
which  might  have  been  obviated,  had  just  con- 
ceptions  of  the  enemy's  character  been  formed. 
It  IS  indeed  much  to  be  regretted,  that  govern- 
ment,  m  order  to  obtain  more  accurate  informa- 
tion,   does  not  employ  Secret    Emissaries. 
An  intelligent  active  man,  who  might  visit  a  co- 
lony    or  the  United  States,   as  a  mere  traveller, 
would  prove  of  the  greatest  service  to  Great  Bri- 
tain  ;  furnished  with  credentials  to  show,  in  cases 
of  necessity  only,  and  funds  which  would  be  com- 
paratively   trifling  to   defray  his  expenses.     He 
might  mix  in  various  societies,  inspect  the  forts, 


PREFACE. 


XXXI 


Isea-ports,  &c.  without  exciting  the  least  suspi- 
Icion ;  and  t^us  communicate  to  the  government 
jat  home  tlie  fac-similies  oi  the  real  state  of  things 
labroad,  which  neither  an  accredited  agent,  or  any 
Ipcrson  m  his  suite,  could  ever  possess.  Persons 
b  abundance  might  be  selected  from  the  middle 
class  of  society,  who,  for  a  slender  travelling  sti- 
pend, and  a  trifling  remuneration  for  their  time 
and  labour,  would  prosecute  the  necessary  inqui- 
ries,  and  do  the  business  most  effectually. 

Far  be  it  from  the  Author  to  censure  the  pro- 
ceedingsotGovernrncnt;  he  would  much  rather 
applaud  the  humanity  and  justice  of  their  mea 
sures,  combined  with  corresponding  feelings  on 
fche  part  of  the  people  :  these  pointed  to  the  con- 
sanguinity of  the  American  nation,  and  restrained 
the  arm  of  power,  more  especiaih^  in  the  early 
stages  of  the  war.  His  province  will  he  to  show 
the  erroneous  judgment  which  Great  Britain  has 
entertained  of  America,  and  to  disclose  the  deadly 
hatred,  the  rooted  antipathy,  the  active  and  insa- 
tiable ambition  of  the  latter :  he  will  endeavour 
to  prove  that  in  peace,  equally  as  in  war,  she 
must  be  watched  with  a  jealous  eye.  and  vigilant 
precaution  exercised  to  prevent  an  insidious  and 
ispiring  nation  from  giving  her  vital  interests  a 
rnortal  blow. 

He  has  in  the  following  pages  endeavoured  to 
Idevelope  what  are  the  confident  expectations  of 
Ithe  majority  of  the  American  people,  and  their 
lopinion  of  Britons ;  to  trace  their  genius,  display 
Itheir  resources,  and  exhibit  a  lucid  view  of  their 
Itruc  character,  moral  and  physical!  In  fact  ex 
jasperated  at  the  virulence  and  malignity  displayed 


^li 


tf 


m 


ii 


XXXU 


PREFACE. 


Ii 


by  the  Americans  in  their  comments  on  Greal 
Britain ;  mortified  to  hear  the  opprobrious  epithe] 
of  shyes  daily  given  to  her  subjects ;  his  feelingj 
recoiling  at    the  more    inveterate  animosity  oj 
many  resident  Britons,  than  even  of  the  nativrf 
Americans,  and  witnessing  the  rise  and  progres 
of  the  domineering  faction's  war  penchant;  witl 
the  gross,  scandalous,  and  novel  methods  devised 
to  hiflame  the  public  mind  ;  the  excessive  eager] 
ness  of  the  people  to  commence  hostilities  ;  th 
activity  displayed  in  training  the  militia,  enli-  im 
regulars,  building  forts,  and  fitting  out  privateers] 
&c.;— he  was  led  to  entertain  an  opinion  of  th} 
real  character  of  the  nation,  and  the  necessity  c 
dispelling  the  mists  of  error,  which  screened  he, 
from  the  view  of  Britain.     From  the  CQmmencej 
ment  of  the  war,  he    feared    unpleasant   conscl 
quences  would  resuh  from  the  palpable  mis 
conception  and  forbearance  on  the  one  hand,  op, 
posed  to  very  extraordinary  dilligence  and  dete  j 
mined  hostility  on  the  other. 

The  Author  has  not  been  an  inattentive  oL 
server  also  of  the  rapid  rise  of  the  American  ma] 
nufactures ;  he  formed  opinions  on  the  spot,  an( 
being  well  convinced  that  an   exposure  of  tM 
national  danger  was  essential  to  the  national  intej 
rest,  he  has  presumed  to  attempt  the  task ;  tl 
direct  and  prevent  the  dissipation  of  the  energie 
of  this  country  ;  to  awaken  the  nobility,  the  ger 
try,  and  the  public,  to  the  vast  importance  of  th 
British  colonies ;  and  at  the  same  time  to  propoa 
plans  for  checking  the  growth,  and   dangerot' 
career  of  the  United  States,  by  taking  advantag 
of  the  inherent  weakness  of  their  country,  of  ou 


PKEPACE. 


XXXllI 


luperior  means  of  aggression  and  defence ;  and 
h  short,  by  adopting  in  many  particulars,  their 
Vwn  system  ofpohcy. 

l^^T  'i*^  °^^^''^^  ^"^  *«  views  which  have 
aduced  the  Author  to  appear  before  the  tribunal 
Y  a  hberal  pubhc.    He  hopes  that  purity  of 

fe'"MTf'^?''S'="  ^°'  any  defects  if  style 
fhile  It  will  fully  appear  from  the  freedom  of  his 
bpimons  and  censures,  that  he  is  of  no  party ;  but 
K  divested  alike  of  prejudice  or  flatter;,  he 
bnsults  his  conscience,  and  the  good  of  his  coun- 
hy,  in  the  production  of  a  work  which  will  most 
Issuredly  create  numerous  enemies.  His  stric 
hires  on  public  measures  may  give  umbraee  to 
henin  power ;  his  approbation  of  the  Corn  Bill 
kill  displease  the  maiiufocturing  and  commcroial 
fcasses ;  the  advice  he  offers  resp^ecting  ~ur  d 
^en"  will  disgust  the  Creoles ;  andShe  Amer^ 
mis  will  resent  the  whole  tenor  of  the  w-l-  He 
bffers  his  thoughts    at  this  moment,    because 

}hetrut  she  has  exkb.ted,  and  as  a  return  of 
I  ace  ,s  likely  to  produce  a  fatal  state  of  confi 
fence  and  security    with  a  relaxation  of  mea- 
lures  and   precautions,  the  necessity  of  Xh 

fc  T  ''""  ^'t'^'l^  *°  ^^^  «t  L  cone lu. 
fcn  ,H.  ,r''  r^  'y^'"^  '^"'  ^°°"  be  forgot- 
len  unless  this  effort  is  productive  of  eood  emnl 
|o  the  Author's  ardent  desires.  ^  ' 


r  i 


I 


D 


ili 


m 


COLONIAL  POLICY 


or 


GREAT  BBITAIN. 


•'■  I 


111 


CHAP.  I. 


j<i 


ON  THE  TRUE  POLICY  OP  NATIONS. 

T  is  an  affecting  proof  of  general  depravity, 
-  that  nations  m  a  state  of  peace,  should   be 
bhged  to  entertain   suspicions  of  the  sincerity 
^d  justice  of  each  other.  ' 

,nW.^L'5i'"'''&'^  •*"  ^^If-^ggfandizement  operates 
imversally,  affecting  states  as  well  as  individuals. 

b-TT  *°  *«':'*^Pective  powers ,  and  po^ 

td^r,  ,vf -^  ."'^'■^'^'■^  '■°"™'  *e  necessity  of 
Wapting  their  plans,  not  according  to  the  systems 

K  speculative  philosophers,  who  fonsider  ma„"s 
tfhl'  f  ^^'  '''^^  *""  ^hat  he  reallv  is,  bu? 
tf  fact  ^  to  the  sober  dictates  of  experience  and 


•"■If    f  h    V 


WM 

M'  1 

mm 

|t|i| 

Ifl 

pi 

r 

f  1 

\    • 

1 1 

^  i' 

ip 

fii 


m 


-^  COLONIAL    POLICY 

Nations  who  have  maintained  mutual  inter 
course  with  each  other  during  long  successive 
periods,  seem  insensibly  to  act  on  this  maxim ' 
the   numerous  instances  of  treachery,    and  th 
conflicts  which  each  has  sustained,  only  tendinj 
to  establish  a  permanent  system  of  jealousy  aiil 
caution,  now  proved  to  be  necessary  to  the  secu] 
rityotpohtical  existence  and  social  order.  HencJ 
itrequires  no  laboured  argument  to  convince  thj 
meanest  English  capacity,  that  tlie  French,  tb 
hpamards,  the  Dutch,  &c.  are  natural  enemies 
the  longest  peace,  and  closest  mutual  intercours 
lyould  not  obliterate  the  indelible  impressioiy 
stamped  by  experience  on  the  mind  of  each  sue] 
ceeding  age.  | 

Whenever  a  nation,  through  deffeneracv  o 
ananners,  or  too  mych  liberjility  of  opinion  an| 
confidence,  deviates  from  this   beaten  track   il 
becomes  liable  to  disaster.     Other  nations  profit 
mg  by  Its  supineness,  will  not  fail  to  attempt  t\ 
establishment  of  their  own  power  and  grandeu, 
on  Its  rums  ;  and  nothing  can  avert  the  impend] 
ing  calamity,  but  some  vigorous  and  mightf 
ettortot  the  nation  awakened  from  its  slumM 
1  his  lamentable  state  of  supineness  and  intoxica] 
tionhas  generally  proved  the  result  of  long  trainJ 
ot  success,  and  of  splendid  victories,  whose  narj 
cotic  influence  disposes  a  people  to  recline  oJ 
the    laurels    they  have  gained,    contemplating 
their  prowess    with   complacency,   until   over] 
powered  with  the  death-like  sleep  of  false  secu] 
ritv.  ' 

If,  when  thus  elated  with  success,  a  petty  fw 
should  arise,  it  would  be  despised:  no  precau 


«F    CHEAT    BRITAIN^.  5 

tionary  measure  would  be  adopted ;  the  skill, 
courage,  and  resources  of  the  enemy,  would  be 
underrated ;  the  usual  means  that  hitherto  en- 
Isured  success  would  be  r-glected ;  and  vanity, 
presumption,  disdain  and   insolence,   usurp  the 
place  of  decided  efforts  and  prudent  measures. 
The  enemy,  on  the  contrary,  ungraced  by  bril- 
lliant  trophies,  a  mere  strippling  in  the  art  of  war 
enters  the  lists  with  diffidence,  armed  with  every 
precaution ;  with  vigilance  to  profit  by  each  ad- 
vantage  ;  and  calling  to  its  aid  veterans  of  all  de- 
scriptions availing  itself  of  even  profligate  traitors 
to  Its  adversary.     Thus  circumstanced,  the  con- 
flict ensues  ;  the  weak  and  contemptible  foe  gains 
victories  it  dared  not  expect,  and  triiunphs  over 
Its  brave  but  too  secure  opponent.    Disgraces  of 
this  nature,  however,  are  not  without  the  most 
beneficial  results  :  they  arouse  and  teach  the  ne- 
cessity of  circumspection,  evincing  the  utility  of 
knowing,  as  well  as  of  communicating  the  true 
character  of  the  enemy. 

It  is  not  only  in  war  that  the  collected  wisdom 
of  ages  has  established  immutable  maxims  of 
vigilance  and  precaution  :  experience  and  obser- 
vation prove  the  same  watchful  policy  to  be  ne- 
cessary to  an  equal  degree  in  the  time  of  peace. 
I  During  a  state  of  repose  emissaries  obtain  easy 
access  to  explore  secret  state  diseases,  the  ma- 
chinery,   and   manufactures  of  rival  countries  • 
while  they  diffuse  the  slow  poison  of  corruption' 
and,  alluring  those  employed  with  the  prospect  of 
superior  rewards,  they  gradually  obtain  posses, 
sion  of  the  secret  springs  of  national  prosperitv 
and  glory.  *      *      ^ 

D  2 


m 


i\ 


i\ 


h 


*  COlOXIAl    POUCV 

In  her  intercourse  with  European  states,  Great 
Britain  is  sufficiently  on  her  guard  both  in  peace 
and  war  :  alike  maintaining  a.i  imposing,  com. 
Jjandmg  attitude.     Accustomed  to  the  vblation 
of  treaties  which  promised  stability,  slie  view 
ivithout  astonishment  a  rupture,  with  one,  or  al 
the  powers  combined,   and  by  a  steady  perse 
yerance  ,n  the  line  of  duty,  obtains  the  triumph: 
nothmg  within  the  range  of  human  events  bein. 

^nSttfrf'"''"?  ^'  prosperity,  while  inten 
^d  watcliful  in  the  preservation  of  her  sune. 
riority  in  war  and  commerce.  But  if  from  mA 
cause  she  relax  her  system,  or  suffer  a  rival  to 
ieed  on  her  resources,  untU  from  infancy  it  attain 
the  strength  of  manhood,  the  period  may  arrive 
when  her  glories  shall  only  exist  in  remembrance! 
while  submitting  to  the  most  painful  degrada! 
tions  from  the  enemy  she  formerly  treated  with 
eisdam.  I 

If,  on  a  review  of  the  various  nations  of  the 
world,  one  should  be  discovered  more  qualified 
to  become  a  dangerous  enemy,  and  successful 
rival    possessing  superior  means  of  disuniting 
her  defenders,  decoying  her  manufacturers  and 
mechanics,  what  hue  of  policy  ought  she  then' 
to  pursue  towards  that  state?     Should  implicit! 
confiaence  be  reposed  in  such  a  nation  ?    Should 
It  be  admitted   to  a  participation  in  her  com- 
merce, divested  of  the  restraints  imposed  on  her 
own  subjects,  and  to  a  lucrative  intercourse  with 
her  colonies  and  possessions  ?  Should  it  be  per. ' 
mitted  to  despoil  her  by  thousands  of  an  Indus- 
trious  population,  or  oppose  to  this  the  cncpii. 


OF 


GREAT    BRITAIN. 


jgement  of  emigration  to  h«-  own  colonies^     If 

lat  nation's  frontier  present  on  all  sides  points  o( 

agression,  should  she  fail  in  opposing  an  ade- 

uate  force,  erm  war  making  the  most  vigorous 

^e  thereof?  Or  shoiUd  she,  on  the  contranr,  cx- 

«sc  her    own  frontier  to   the  dangtT  arising 

j-om  wiser  measures,  and  more  prudent   con- 

luct,  on  the  part  of  the  aspiring  rival  ? 

America,  independent  America,  is  precisely 
Ins  nation;  more    insidious  than    any  other- 
hore  dangerous  as  using  the  same  language  i 
liihcult  of   detection   in   the  employment  of 
^iissaries  and  spies,  or  of  inquisitions  on  the 
lanufactures  of  this  country.     That  America 
I  a  dangerous  competitor;  that  her  pretensions 
^ust  be  opposed  ;  and  that  a  consistent  opinion 
as  not  been  formed  of  the  American  character, 
will  be  the  Author's  aim  to  make  apparent  in 
}e  following  pages,  while  he  also  presumes  to 
Iter  his  humble  opinion  and  advice  on  this  mo- 
lentous  subject.     If  what  he  has  to  say,  serve 
)  arouse  the  attention  of  government  and  the 
eople,  to  awaken  inquiry,  and  excite  to  an  ac- 
ve  prosecution  of  the  ordinary  measures  of 
3iicy  which  are  pursued  in  relation  to  other 
lates,  he  will  obtain  the  satisfaction  of  having 
tcomplished  the  object  he  has  in  view :  in  a 
rord,  if  it  teach  Englishmen  to  regard  Ame- 
leans  m  the  same  point  of  view  in  which  they 
ktnselves  are  considered,  that  is,  not  in  the 
ght  of  kinsmen,  hut  of  foreigners,  aliens,  ene- 
\i€s,  natural-bom  foes. 


u 


)l   ^ 


:   \ 


!  ■'  J 


it. 


•  COLONIAL    POLICY,    &C. 

Let  him  then  entreat  the  attention  of  ai 
ranks  and  parties,  who  profess  to  be  actuated  bl 
the  sacred  glow  of  patriotic  feeling,  to  what  I 
has  to  say  ;  let  this  feeling  be  as  simultaneoiJ 
now  as  that  which  our  ancestors  formerly  exh] 
bitcd,  when  danger  seemed  to  threaten.  Ld 
the  opulent  encourage  and  promote  wise  plans 
and  the  poor  concur  in  measures  adopted  foi 
their  good ;  then  shall  Britain  avert  the  impend] 
ing  evil,  and  transmit  her  glories  untarnished 
to  the  latest  posterity,  ^ 


CHAP.  II. 


ON  THE  GENIUS  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 

HE  traveller  whose  sole  object  is  to  amuse 

i  public,  may  expatiate  on,  and  present  to  his 

taders  florid  descriptions  of  places  and  things ; 

|e  may  relate  humorous  anecdotes,  or  enliven 

is  work  by  the  insertion  of  striking  historical 

ketches,  and  excel  in  the  delineation  of  indivi- 

lual  character :  but  the  object  which  the  author 

If  this  work  has  in  view,  is  to  instruct  and  in- 

brm,  rather  tlian  amuse ;  his  design  is  rather  to 

[•ace  the  features  of  a  race  than  of  individuals. 

In  surveying  the  American  people,  they  ap- 
ear  to  be  of  all  nations  the  most  active,  enter- 
Irismg,  patient,  laborious,  frugal,  persevering, 
lautiQus,  and  not  deficient  in  ingenuity.  None 
JKcel  them  in  the  conduct  of  a  lucrative  cora- 
berce,  or  in  daring  feats  of  seamanship ;  they 
bossess  personal  courage,  are  expert  in  the  use 
M  fire  arms  *  and,  traversing  their  forests,  the 
American  military  are  better  adapted  to  the 
iroody  warfare  of  their  own  country,  than  Euro- 
|)ean  troops,  whose  discipline  in  such  situations 
s  rendered  comparatively  useless;  irregular 
roops  being  able  to  hold  veterans  at  bay  and 
lestroy  them  at  pleasure,  while  they  themselves 
rest  secure  amidst  their  gloomy  foilage. 


vi 


ii  iA 


u 


/I 


a 


H 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


K 


r  1? 


Such  a  people  deserve  to  hold  a  place  in  oJ 
estimation  :  they  possess  qualities,  which  make? 
necessary  to  concede  them  a  rank  in  the  scale  ti 
nations,  bein^  capable  of  forcing  themselves  tnti 
woftc^.—Prejudiced  persons,  who  regard  thoJ 
nations  only  as  respectable  who  can  claim  and 
quity,  may  attempt  to  degrade  America  in  tt" 
opinion  of  the  people  of  Europe;  and  indee 

the  British  public,  as  have  taught  many  of  ul 
to  regard  America  as  much  less  formidable  tb 
what  experience  has  proved  her  to  be.  The  nal 
tion  that  is  thus  despised,  obtains  a  decided  adl 
vantage  by  that  very  circumstance;  and  it  ren 
ders  pecuhary  necessary  the  removal  of  the  filn^ 

^^h^  ri'^'  ^'  P'^"^"^  ^°  ^bsc"*^  the  poUtic 
sight  of  this  country.  *^ 

in  TheJr^™^"''^"'.^  exceedingly  enterprisin 
in  their  commercial  transactions,  particularll 
those  who  form  the  New  England  StLs,  whel 
petty  adventurers  often  risk  their  whole  prop  3 
ty  m  one  snriall  vessel,  depending  on  their  ad 
dress,  and  the  contingencies  of  Lde,  for  hef 
If^h^vnor"*'-  J^^r^^oys  are  speculator] 
to  ?he  ..     '%  "^^^-chandize,  which  is  committe 

West  Indies.     Thus  the  spirit  of  enterprise  J 
universal  among  them,  and  would  deserve  hi  J 

UrrndTh"^'   "''"  ,"   ^^"^«  conduJttd 
^^neLl  th.  ^^  ^'T^\''  '  '^"^  '^^  ^^vers.  is  i^ 
general  the  case:  fraud,  smuggling,  and  perjuj 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


9 


are  practised  with  success*  and  without  re- 
ke  J  and  thus  cupidity  prevails  among  them 
an  astonishing  degree.     An  eminent  divine 
I  Boston,  thus  justly  characterized  his  coun, 
^men  from  the  pulpit,  on  "  putting  away  the 
bily  besetting  sin."     «  There  have  existed  at 
I  times,"  said  he,  «  not  only  personal  and  pe- 
Ihar,   but  also   national   sins;    for  instance, 
^ong  the  ancients,  the  Asiatics  were  accused 
I  efFeminancy,  the  Carthagenians  of  perEdy, 
b.    So  among  the  moderns,  the  French  are 
Id  to  be  volatile  and  frivolous ;  the  Spaniards 
loud  and  cruel;   the  English  haughty,  a^d 
lincing  too  great  contempt  for  strangers ;  and 
I,  my  brethren,  of  being  greedy  of  gain,  and 
It  over  scrupulous  how  we  obtain  it !"  Hence 
Iwould  seem,  that  whatever  portion  of  ability 

l!  ^i  °n  ^-  ^1"°"^'  ^'"erican  vessels  were  not  permitted 
Hand  British  goods  or  colonial  produce  in  tlfe  States  • 
ft  the  island,  or  rather  rock  of  St.  Bartholomew's,  be! 
iKJr.K  ^r^r'^'^^  whom  open  commerce  was 
^mitted,  the  American  vessels  would  take  in  their  car- 
at  a  Briush  island,  and  go  to  St   Barts,  as  it  is  called, 
order   to   clear  out.     This  circumstance  was    noto^ 
lus.     If  two  American  ships  hailed  at  sea,  the  answer 
from  whence  come  ye?"  would  be  "  from  St.  Barts," 
II  the  rejoinder,  «  aye,  aye  ;"  intimating  by  this,  that 
[y  gave  them  credit  for  their  knavery,  and  were  re- 
ived to  engage  in  the  same,  when  opportunity  afforded 
fu3  while  It  was  known  to  be  impossible  for  the  rock 
[1 ,  ■''  produce  sugars,  rum,  and  molasses,  innu- 

fcrable  cargoes  arrived  in  the  United  States,  and  were 
lorn  to  as  the  produce  of  that  Island.  A  successful 
ttain  would  be  complimented  as  a  '*  keen  hand  •"  if 
Ncted,  it  would  be  jocosely  said,  «*  he  has  missed  it." 


; 


% 


!:,<! 


I 


l' 


10 


coiokiAl  POLitr 


we  may  concede  to  the  Americans,  we  must 
deny  them  the  character'  of  either  a  eood  or  a 
great  people.  ^ 

*  *  I 

A  people  may  be  great  in  virtues,  thousli 
not  nnmfrous:  they  may  also  be  ingeniom 
subtle,  brave,  hardy,  and  patient,  yet  grovellin? 
and  contemptible.  Where  moral  excellence 
doc>s  not  exist,  or  qualities  cartnot  rescue  a  naJ 
tion  from  ignominy.  None  can  deny  that  the 
Je  WISH  people  possess  an  ample  share  of  talent 
ingenuity,  shrewdness,  and  capacity  for  busi! 
i^ss :  but  who  will  applaud  the  meanness  and 
fraud  attributed  to  them  ?  A  few  individuals 

fr?Kk    '^"*'',"?  ^'""^''y*  ^°  '^o*  competisat 
tor  the  general  depravity. 

The  vices  that  now  degrade  the  American 
character,  are  those  which  distinguish  an  aeed 
and  enfeebled  nation,  where  corruption  has  out. 
grown  the  laws,  and  morals  are  despised  It 
may  l^e  asked,  can  a  people,  who,  in  the  infancy 
of  their  political  existence,  exhibit  all  the  decreJ 
pitude  of  an  antiquated  state,  hope  long  to 
support  the  tottering  edifice  of  their  feeble  conJ 
stitution  ?  The  answer  would  be  obvious ;  yet 
If  their  commerce  be  permitted,  either  medi. 
ately  or  immediately  with  our  colonies  and  isl. 
ands,  they  nriay  exist  long  enough  to  make  us 
Itnow,  by  bitter  experience,  the  real  weight  of 
successful  competition.  The  remedy  is  nof 
withm  oijr  power  j  let  not  its  application  bef 
^nsrcr  H'^iayed.  ' 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


n 


Another  obvious  trait  in  the  American  cha- 
racter is  vanity.     Ostentatious  and  conceited  in 
an  eminent  degree,  the  Americans  will  allow 
nothing  to  be  excellent  or  praise-worthy  in 
foreigners.    All  other  men,  Britons  not  except- 
ed, are  regarded  by  them  with  contemptuous 
disdain ;  and  should  one  of  the  latter  reside  in 
America,  or  join  in  the  society  of  her  people, 
he  will  be  soon  informed,  to  his  great  surprise, 
that  all  British  subjects  are  slaves  and  vassals, 
that  tyranny  and  oppression  pervade  every  de- 
partment of  the  state,  and  that  their  own  happy 
country,  and  admirable  constitution,  is  the  only 
resort  for  hopeless  misery.     There  men  are  all 
free ;    there  alone  the   virtues  flourish  ;    and 
thither,  as  to  a  place  of  refuge,  arc  the  arts  and 
sciences  destined  to  flee,  when  the  progress  of 
tyranny  in  Europe  shall  have  banished  them 
thence.     His  astonishment  would  be  increased 
by  further  hearing  that  the  people  of  the  "  old 
countrt/y"  meaning  Great  Britain,  are  degenera- 
ted, not  only  in  moral  virtue,  but  in  physical 
power;  an  opinion  which  might  with  safety  be 
left  to  the  judgment  of  the  antiquarian,  were 
not  the  fact  so  well  known,  as  of  itself  to  re- 
fute the  idle  notion,  that  the  heroes  of  history 
did  not  exceed  the  generality  of  moderns  in 
stature.    But  it  wiU  be  further  insisted  on,  tiiat 
there  exists  an  exact  proportion  between  Euro- 
pean degeneracy  and  American  improvement  - 
that  they  now  are  larger  bodied,  more  bravc^ 
enlightened,  and  ingenious.  Flattered  extremely 
by  their  having  given  birth  to  a  few  eminent 

£ 


I 


I 


mm 


t  *i 


JWiil 


<l 


■•  1  n 


it 


COtONIAL    POIICT. 


I 


nca,  who  have  attained  great  cmtm^^i^Z' 
cbamcs,  in  mill  work,  ^d  in  rco„sCS 
of  .mmense  wood  bridgesf  on  true  malhem? 
If '  P™?'P'«;  and  while  men  of  reTS' 

fi^^'anfo?"^'"^*°'  ^'='««=^  that  have  :; 
pared  among  them.J  are  well  known  to  havJ 

b«n  emigrants  from  this  side  of  thTASamfc 

Ihus  then  the  facts  stand:  in  physical  foice 

^ffe^encTexisVhiT • ''f*^  ^"'°P^^'  ^^"'l 

hold  ^Lrf  if  V  ^""^  '^""^  comparison  will 
fr^nrt^^  '•  '  fr"™  =>  general  survey,  we  de. 
weel^mT"-"  '^^"'P^^ons  unle^  perhaps 

t^^s  Ihe^  n""''.-""  °'  '^'''^^  n.anufJ^turL'^ 
towns,  where  peculianhr  of  situation  anH  ..n,  ' 

p  oyment  are  found  to  affect  the  human "onsti" 
tution.  In  stature  the  Americans  n.the?exce^ 
^tf"elish:   but  their  appearance  iTS 

"tstrlr"":?  ^«°"'"^'  ^he  northt 
or  eastern  states  producmg  the  finest  men   as 

do  the  northern  counties  of  England.         ' 

That  wrhich  has  tended  greatly  to  confirm 

the  Americans  in  this  ov,!r^ni„g  conceft" 

themselves,  is  the  comparison  of  Sur  seamen 

*  ^"'"-  West,  Copley,  Stuart,  &c. 

t  Dearborne's  machine's; 
proved  Printing  Press,  &c. 


patent  balance  j  an  inj. 


I 


:II 


OF    GRIAT    BRITAIN. 


15 


with  their  own,  not  recollecting  the  immense 
disproportion  In  numbers,  and  especially,  that 
they  have  selected  for  their  navy  the  finest  men 
while  ours  are  the  remains  of  a  protracted  war' 
which  has  swept  away  its  thousands,  and  tens 
of  thousands. 

With  respect  to  the  Arts,  admitting  all  that 
America  claims,  yet  she  can  never  with  justice 
boast  of  an  equality,  much  less  a  superiority  to 
the  more  ancient  nations.  They  were  originally 
sunk  m  barbarism  and  the  deepest  ignorance ; 
divested  of  foreign  aid,  they  arose  from  this 
moral   and   intellectual  chaoy,   by  the  united 
dtorts  of  genius  and  industry ;  discovered  and 
improved  the  arts  and  sciences,  till  at  length 
they  atitained  comparative  perfection;  she  adoot- 
ed  the  fruit  of  their  labours  in  it^  improved 
state,  transplanted  the  full  grown  trees  which 
they  had  reared,  and  only  gave  them  shelter  • 
M«rj  was  the  originating  animating  principle  \ 
hers,  the  felicity  of  receiving  indigent  strangers 
ot  merit,  and  founding  her  prosperity  on  their 
exertions.     vVhUe  restricted  to  such  conduct, 
America  deserved  applause ;  but  in  deprecia' 
ting  those  nations  to  which  she  is  so  much  in- 
debted for  existence,  and  the  supply  of  skilful 
men,  she  merits  the  severest  censure :  ingrati- 
tude stands  conspicuous  in  the  black  list  of  her 
vices.    ~ 

Ambition  and  the  lust  of  dominion  character- 
12C  the  repubhcans  of  America.    An  ardent 


i 


.iiwi 


I  > 


14 


COtONlCL    POLICY 


f  !' 


t'   I! 


>     ( 


;l' 


desire  to  extend  their  sway  over  every  part  J 
the  continent,  and  to  extirpate  all  authority  but 
their  own,  has  strongly  marked  their  public 
acts,  manifesting  itself  even  in  their  favourite 
toasts  and  sentiments.  In  short,  it  is  the  darlinj 
object  of  the  whole  nation,  which  sooner  or 
^ter  may  be  gratified,  if  we  neglect  to  strengthen 
Canada,  Nova  Scotia  and  new  Brunswick!  but 
not  otherwise.  ■ 

Inflated  with  partial  successes  on  the  oceani 
their  national  vanity  displayed  itself  in  the  most 
cxtravagaiit  eulogies  on  the  superior  skill  and 
prowess  of  their  seamen.     This  theme   was 
loud-y  touched  by  the  Federal  party.     A  navy 
had  long  been  an  unpopular  measure ;  the  ruliiwl 
taction  had  neglected  and  opposed  its  formationil 
the  Federalists  alone  saw  the  vast  importance  of 
a  naval  power,  and  were  the  original  founders  of 
It.     This  circumstance  ought  to  be  particularlyf 
considered  by  the  British  public,  because  those 
have  been  esteemed  friends,  who  were  in  fact 
the  most  dangerous  foes. 

At  the  present  period  the  Federalists  and  DeJ 
mocrats  coincide  in  the  full  persuasion  of  the 
declining  state  of  the  British  naval  power,  and 
of  the  brilliant  destines  now  awaiting  their  own; 
expecting  to  divest  the  parent  of  her  trophies, 
and  to  annihilate  her  commerce  as  well  as  her 
navy,  at  a  period  not  far  distant  i  Various  cir. 
cumstances  have  contributed  to  flatter  them  into 
this  opinion.    Great  Britain  h?is  been  fondly 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


IS 


designated  "  a  magnificent,  but  sinking  vessel.'^ 
This  will  prove  delusive,  if  they  by  whom  she 
is  directed  exert  those  energies  and  that  ability 
they  so  amply  possess :  on  the  contrary,  she 
shall  ride  safely  amidst  contending  storms,  till 
her  glories  shall  be  merged  only  in  the  last,  the 
general  convulsion,  while  she  has  existed  to 
!  dispense  peace  and  beneficence  to  every  shore. 


h 


i»»i 


« 


£2 


,i       ''J 


I 


»   ' 


iti 


^ifJI 


jii 


(*f 


o* 


I 


Amei 

Ided  into 

'selves  r< 

iFedcral- 

Imereml 

(most  cnl 

I  munity, 

cue  the  r 

brought 

sures,  w 

latter  are 

norance,! 

under in^ 

parties  vi 

[lousy;  b 

"the  pc 

^  the  most 

dered  im 

vvildness  ; 

ists,  who 

I  just  and 

latter  gair 

aggrieved 

niore  fom 


I- 

i 


hi 
■it 


CHAP.  HI. 


'  ON  THE  AMERICAN  POUTICAL  PARTIES. 

America,  Ilke  every  other  state,  is  divi- 
ded into  political  parties.     These  range  them- 
selves  respectively  under  the  denommations  of 
pedcral-repubhcan,— and  Democratic  ;  the  for- 
mer embracing  a  considerable  proportion  of  the 
most  enlightened  and  virtuous  part  of  the  com- 
munity, and  which  would  in  all  probability  res- 
cue the  nation  from  the  disgrace  and  opprobrium 
brought  upon  it  by  impolitic  and  unjust  mea. 
sures,  were  not  their  exertions  repressed:  the 
latter  are  a  body  in  general  distinguished  by  iir- 
norance,  pertinacity,  and  infuriate  party  violence 
under  ingenious  but  unprincipled  leaders.  Both 
parties  view  this  country  with  considerable  jea. 
lousy;  but  the  Democrats,  who  may  be  styled 
"the  pople,"  carry  this  to  the  extremity  of 
the  most  confirmed  and  rancorous  malice ;  ren- 
dered indeed  comparatively  impotent   by  its 
wildnessand  extravagance;  while  the  Federal- 
ists, who  arc  in  general  the  opulent,  have  more 
just  and  consistent  views.    But  should  these 
latter  gain  the  ascendency,  conceive  themselves 
aggrieved,  and  conclude  on  war,  they  will  prove 
imore  formidable  enemies  than  we  have  yet  en- 


i  / 


■>* 


18 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


I     I 


ilu> 


countered,  inasmuch  as  they  are  decidedly  the 
••naval  party,"  and  would  consequently  strdij 
ever  .  c  to  render  their  fleet  truly  formida. 
bl- ,  am,  Nvith  their  vast  resources,  would  in 
time  make  it  really  such.  T  e  Federalists  arc 
not  the  friends  of  Britain,  and  would  continue 
m  peace  only  so  long  as  their  interests  did  not 
clash  with  ours.  ' 

^  It  was  the  dad  policy  of  the  ruling  faction  in 

declaring  war  while  unprepared  for  it,  that  gave 

umbrage  to  the  Fedirralists ;  not  any  attachment 

to  this  country.     The  author  has  heard  many 

respectable  characters  among  them  assert,  that 

they   were  alike  injured  by  England  and  by 

France;  and  had.  their  party  been  in  power 

war  would  have  been  declared  against  both' 

We  is  also  convinced  that  the  men  whom  we 

regard  as  friends,  would  prove  more  tenacious 

ot  the  national  honour,  than  those  whom  we 

justly  consider  as  foes.     Now  as  British  mari. 

time  rights  and  American  claims  are  inconipaJ 

tible,  it  wiU  follow  that  the  harmony  of  the  two 

countries  is  liable  to  frequent  interruption,  and 

that  wars  will  prove  the  consequence.     Such 

being  the  state  of  parties,  and  each  equallyl 

averse  to  the  independence  and  power  of  tl  is 

country,  but  differing  only  in  the  modes  of  deJ 

veiopmg  their  hostility;    and  the  sentiments 

exhibited  m  their  newspapers  being  designed 

rather  to  conceal,  than  proclaim  the  truth,  it 

behoves  the  British  minister,   the  American 


^ 


lecidedly  thel 
[uently  atraini 
uly  formidaJ 
;s,  would  in 
ederalists  arjl 
uld  continue 
•ests  did  not 


or    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


10 


government,  and  the  public  in  general,  to  con- 
sider that  the  polite  attentions,  and  the  hospita- 
|lity  of  individuals,  must  not  be  mistaken  for 
the  feelings  and  sentiments  of  the  party. 


1 1' 


ng  faction  inl 
it,  that  gavel 
y  attachment! 
heard  manyl 

assert,  that! 
nid  and  bjl 
1  in  power] 
:ainst  both! 
1  whom  we 
1%  tenacious! 
i  whom  m 
ritish  mari.| 
e  incompa.1 

of  the  two! 
uption,  and! 
nee.  Sachl 
ich  equally! 
wer  of  this| 
odes  of  deJ 

sentiments! 
J  designed! 
e  truth,  it! 

American! 


f( 


I  tt 


M'] 


*l 


ir  ,1 


•J    !■ 


n 


THE  CI 
SARY  IN 
STATES. 


[N  diplo 

be  exe 

|)ns,  but] 

"arge  d 

Isdient  tha 

2d,  yel 

|iost  exter 

which  1 
leson  her 
bat  his  sec 
fr  such  ai 
bpecting  t 
I  is  incumt 
foy  secret 
^mmunica 
[lent  at  he 
nd  indeed 
[young  un 
hgled  in  t 
(f  the  most 


CHAP.  IV. 


THE   CHABACTER    AND   QUALmcAnOKS    KECES. 


j,nrh?.t^r^-     I    ,*^  selection  of  suitable  per. 

icnarge  d  affairs  to  America.    It  is  hishlv  ev 
fc  *at  he  be  past  the  mei«lia„  oW,  of 
(tired,  yet  observant  habits ;  and  nossess  m,  fl?» 

foy  j^c^r^^  emtssartesy  who    may   occasmn^llir 

fctTh^me"''^^  ^f^'-^^rf'^i^.rorS 
Ed  ndlnTh  I?"  *^  ''""'^'^J'.  it  would  be. 
W  indeed  it  has  been  most  injurious  to  delco'ate 
young  un.iarried  man,  who  may  be  easilven 
kled  m  the  snares  of  an  amour.Che  „& 
f  the  most  important  interests  of  his  counS^^  " 


i 


[  f 


vi. 


% 


\  n. 


^ 


22 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


surrounded  by  enemies  in  the  disguise  of  friendsj 
and  led  by  them  from  party  to  party,  who  wouJ 
also  by  the  most  insidious  conversation,  misleai 
his  judgment,  and  bias  his  opinions;  hence i 
would  follow,  that  being  kept  in  ignorance  of  tito 
real  state  of  things,  imbibing  the  opinions  of  M 
very  friendly  hosts,  he  would  transmit  to  W 
government  the  most  flattering  account  of  thine 
perhaps  at  a  time  when  the  most  hostile  measu^ 
were  in  actual  progress,  and  every  thing  beyou 
the  pale  of  the  minister's  connexions  bore  tt 
aspect  of  war.     The  consequence  of  this  hitheita 
has  been,  that  the  British  were  cautious  in  M 
first  operations  of  war,  choosing  rather  to  displav] 
than   use  their  force;  and   while  this  ill-timi 
forbearance,  was  issuing  in  disaster  and  defeat,  tin 
Americans  were  profiting  by  our  inactivity  i 
commence  vigorous  proceedings,  and  construe 
this  exercise  of  benevolence  into  the  extreme  ( 
cowardice,  supposing  that  we  feared  toencouiite 
their  superior    prowess :    and   because   Briton 
were  formerly  victors  on  the  ocean,  every  partJ 
defeat  was  considered  as  proving  the  declensia 
of  British,  and  the  superiority  of  American  nav 
power;  for  it  was  rarely  adverted  to,  that  tL 
American  vessels  were  stronger  in  men  and  gd 
than  their  opponents ;  such  facts  were  not  to 
credited  in  the  states.— These  pretensions  ^v( 
carefully  pressed  upon  the  minds  of  prisoners,! 
connexion  with  the  flattering  doctrines  of  liberl 
and  equality,  with  the  folly  of  supporting  tt 
cause  of  tyrants,  so  as  finally  to  overcome  thfl 
principles  of  loyalty  and  patriotism,  and  thus 
ducing  them  to  become  traitors  to  their  ow 


I.    If 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


S3 


country.   This  was  universally  the  case  through- 
I  out  the  late  war. 

A  British  diplomatist  who  should  suffer  him- 
self to  be  cajoled,  would  obtain  unbounded  marks 
of  pretended  respect,  highly  flattering  to  human 
[vanity;  but  the  minister  who  was  steadily  pursu- 
I  ing  the   real  interests  of  his  country,    arising 
superior  to  the  allurements  around  him,  would 
be  utterly  disliked ;    such   men   would   never 
please  the  American  people.     It  is  futile  to  ob- 
ject, that  unless  a  conciliatory  disposition  was 
manifest  on  the  part  of  our  minister,    the   two 
countries  might  be  involved  in  war :  for,  the 
I  Americans    will   ever  be    guided    by   interest 
rather  than  by  affection.     Under  any  circum- 
stances, if  opportunity  and  interest  combined, 
they  would  not  fail  to  break  the  peace  ;  if  they 
maintained  it,  it  must  be  for  the  sake  of  trade. 
In  short,  they  have  lost  the  filial  affection  that 
would  point  to  their  consanguinity ;  and  it    is 
now  highly  aquisite  for  us  to  eradicate  the  idea 
of  their  having  originally  descended  from  us.— 
When  once  we  can  meet  them  in  this  respect 
on  equal  terms,  we  shall  negotiate  with  justice 
to  ourselves,  and  to  posterity. 


••i 


I  ,   I 


■h  ,::• 


*    *i 


m 


I  \'\ 


Ml 


(iN  THE 


cuting 

tain,  suj 

stance  c 

cidedad 

[abuse  oi 

it  with  i 

somt'tim 

certain  j 

inEi'gly 

he  finds 

gradually 

most  coi 

ly  transr 

cmissarii 

rers,  exc 

•  The 
frequent  u 
(kulk  elate 
hrs,"  &c.' 
lio  not  cxc 


\ 


CHAP.  V. 


U.V  THE  INJURIOUS  TENDENCY  OP  AMERICAN   RlVAl. 
SHIP  IN  TIME  OP  PEACE. 


A^fERICA  possesses  facilities  for  prose- 
ciMiig  nefarious  schemes  against  Gre/ Bri- 
tain,  suptriour  to  all  other  powers.  The  circum- 
stance  of  usinK  the  same  language,  .Hves  her  de- 
cided advantages  as  a  rival  -Other^,a,ions  mav 
abuse  our  good  faith,  but  America  alone  ca"do 
It  w,th  impunity.  In  that  country  a  Briton  mav 
sometimes  be  distinguished  fromUie  nat~y 

in  F,^,'  'i^l  "T'  "'^''P^'^'-''  and  manner ;  but 
intrgland  the  American  proceeds  unnoticed;* 
he  finds  easy  access  to  our  manufactories,  and 

I  gradually  obtains,  through  various  channels,  the 
mos  comp  ete  .nforma.ion,  which  isimmed  ate! 

!ly  transmitted  to   America.     Sometimes  these 

e"f  exdte' H"'?  T^-  '"^  """^^  ■"-"'-'- 
rers,  excite  a  spirit  of  discontent,  extol  in  the 

io  not  e«iu  a  err'""""  °'  ""^  "-"'™' ''"'-'». 


1  i 


26 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


Strongest  manner  the  happy  United  States,  and  i 
would  make  api^rent  the   great   advantages  of 
emigration  to  them.   At  other  times  the  masters 
ot  American  vessels,   may  pursue  their  plan  of 
decoying  seamen  from  our  ships  ;  and  this  pre. 
datory  system  calls  for  the  most  unceasing  viej 
lance  on  our  part  ;  for,  the  American  govern, 
ment  stands  pledged  to  encourage  manufactures 
to  the  utmost,  while   various   corporations  and 
establishments  have  been  formed,  for  the  avowed 
purpose   of  rivalling   those   of  Britain.     And 
though  time  is  requisite   to   mature   and  brine 
them  to  perfection,  yet  from  the  known  charac. 
ter  of  the  government  and   people,   no   means, 
Jiowever  nefarious,  will  remain  unemployed  until 
their  object  be  attained.     Already  do  the  Ame. 
ricans  manufacture   iron,   steel,   hats,   cottons, 
glass,  leather,  shoes,  cabinet-work,  mathemati.l 
cal  instruments,  types,  books,  sails,  cordage,  &c. 
to  a  prodigious  extent,  and  of  excellent  quality. 
1  heir  edge  tools,  although  not  so  neat,  are  bet- 
ter  tempered    than   ours ;    and   their  common  I 
window  glass  is  both  cheaper  and  superior  lo 
our  own.     Their  cotton  and  woollen  manufkc- 
tones.  It  is  true,  are  in  a  low  state,  and  to  theic 
they  will  direct  their  chief  attention ;  the  busi. 
iiess  of  manufactures  being  prosecuted  with  en- 
thusiasm.    No  sooner  did  an  opportunity  occur, 
than  Merino  sheep  were  ea.^^erly  imported  from  j 
bpain,  and  to  such  an  extent,  as  to  be  sold  aj. 
most  as  cheap  as  the  native   breed,  though  the 
country  was  at  the  same  time  well  stocked  witlij 
mutton.     The  Merinos  have  been  widely  diase- 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


27 


mmated,  the  native  breed  has  been  in  man  ^  in 
stances  cro5,bed,  and  in  others  the  Spanish  breed 
perpetuated  ;  it  having  been  ascertained  by  nu- 
merous experiments,  that  the  wool  suffers  no 

ofclimate''"'        '''''^^'  '""P""^^"  ^y  ^^e  change 

\ 

thpfr'ilnli?  ^^mericans  want  the  art  of  dressing 
^  their  cloth.     They  can  neither  shear,  nor  presi 
well ;  and  no  doubt,  the  greatest  exertions  will 
be  made  immediately,  to  procure  from  England 
a  supply  of  manufacturers  in  these  departments  • 
ransackmg  Bradford,  Troubridge,  &^c.  for  perl 
sons  skilled  m  the  broad-cloth  fabric  ;  Glasgow 
Paisley    Manchester.  &c.  f,-    those  ;n gaged  a 
the  cotton  manufature—In  their  attempts  to 
establish  broad-cloth    factories,  varios  means 
have  been  employed  to  prejudice   the  couiry 
nfavourof  native  goods  :  one  metM  ts  to  erase 
me  manufacturer's  marks  from  pieces  of  En^. 
\hhbroad.cloth.  and  substitute  those  of  LeriL 
factory  m  their  stead;  thus  turning  our  own 
ingenuity  against  us  !^    Let,  then,  the  measures 

Inl  T^  ^^  ^^""'^'^^  •  ^^^  "«  ^^^^oiiect  with 
wl^m  we  have  to  do  ;  and  adopt  those  precau- 
nons  that  may  ensure  our  safety. 


■  ^ 


F    £> 


V'  \ 


ON  THE 
HICAN 
TING  1 


AS( 


loni 

ly  in  Fr 

as  other 

to  arise, 

can  war 

arities  h 

prevent 

racteriz( 

the  ener 

perior  ,c 

mi.^ht  I 

differenc 

the  Brit 

be  foun 

particuls 

FlRSl 

point  of 
ever  is  ti 
this  resf 


CHAP.  VI. 


ON  THE  RESPECTIVE  NATURES  OP  BRITISH  AND  AMK. 
HICAN  WARFARE,  AND  THE  NECESSITY  OF  ANTICIPA- 
TING  HOSTILE  OPERATIONS. 


As  one  war  with  America,  which  originated  part- 
ly in  French  policy,  has  recently  terminated ;  and 
!  as  others,  from  various  causes,  may  be  expected 
to  arise,  a  few  remarks  on  the  mode  of  Ameri- 
can  warfare  may  not  be  impertinent.  Its  pecuU. 
arities  being  developed,  means  may  be  taken  to 
prevent  a  recurrence  of  the  disasters  which  cha- 
racterized  the  contest,  and  which  unhappily  gave 
the  enemy  plausible  ground  to  boast  of  their  su- 
perior , courage  and  ability;  though  the  cause 
might  be  soon  discovered,  since  their  radical 
difference,  m  the  war  maxims,  and  conduct  of 
the  British  and  /Americans  are  obvious,  and  will 
be  found  to  embrace  generally  the  following 
particulars :  ^ 

First,  The  British  scrupulously  regard  the 
point  of  honour,  while  the  Americans  hold  what- 
ever  is  expedient,  to  be  also  lawful ;  imitating,  in 
this  respect,  the  Freiich.— Second ly,   The 


,  i 


M   i\ 


\ 


I' 


m 


V  I 


30 


COtOWIAL    POLICY 


British  maintain  a  strict  discipline  j  which 
thouKh  It  be  carried  to  excess  restrains  t-e 
brutal  licentiousness  of  victorious  soldiers  •  th. 

Dl'ne  te  r  ""  »'"''°"^i".?  severity  of  disci 
pl.ne.  Hence,  hcentiousness  being  tolerated  olun 
der  ,s  connived  a,,  with  all  its  foncomitan  fi^^ 
jHiRDLr,  in  the  British  army,  not  only  oW 
ence  to,  but  respect  for  officerL  is  m"hM- 
while  in  the  American,  the  soldier  is  reomna 
nion  for  his  officer.-FouRTHLv,  the  Sh 
soldier,  unless  for  patriotism,  is  w  thout  a  !' 
strong  inducement  to  flight.  When  cschara.7 
and  unless  his  wounds  entitle  him  "o  a  pen^^^' 
he  IS  not  sure  of  a  reco,n|,ence ;  hence^  wh"  he' 
discovers  that  the  Americans,  besides  thS^usu 

tAreeAundr^  acres  of  land,  this  not  only  daZs' 
his  loyalty  but  he  is  under  the  strongest  temmr 
tions  to  des(Ttion.*_FiPTBTv   -rk        -^P 
.-volutinneoffK.  n  •••  /"THLY,   The  military 
>.\omtions  of  the  British  are  well  adapted  to  Eu 
ropean  countries,  comparatively  clea^r  of  woo3 

lTl^I}"'T^'  ^"«'  ^^hile  particular  no* 
on  the  frontiers  should  be  invested,  the  w 
ought  to  be  carried  i.„o  the  heart  of  the  deuTed 
parts  of  the  country.     On  the   contrary^  he 
American  tactics  are  simple  and  rude  :  efficien 
only  on  the  frontier,  where  their  militik  can  de 

the  ™blir,!!'H'''''"  ^'^  '""  '"  ""  'he  attention  of 
tiie  public  to  Uus  cucumsiance  in  its  proper  place. 


I\i 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN, 


31 


Tend  a  post,  or  practise  a  surprise  to  advantage. 
L-SixTHLY,  In  naval  affairs,  the  British  have 
ong  rejected  the  use  of  other  missiles  than  round 
nd  grape;  while  the  Americans  use  langrage, 
composed  of  old  knife-blades,  copper  nails,  glass, 
buck-shot,  &c.  also  crow-bars,  chain-shot,  bar- 

^hot,  and  various  other  kinds Seventhly 

The  British,  in  consequence  of  having  employ- 
fed  their  large  navy  for  so  long  a  period,  at  the 
commencement  of  the  late  war,  could  not  man 
Iheir  ships  to  the  fuU  complement ;  and  even  the 
Inajor  part  of  them  not  being  ordinary  seamen  ; 
Kvhile  the  Americans  not  only  took  care  to  se- 
lect able  seamen,  but  almost  doubled  the  usual 
fcomplement,  and  appointed  miscreant  deser- 
ters for  quarter-gunners,  boatswains,  &c.*— 
^iCHTHLY,  The  British  being  in  the  habit  of 
bther  under.rating  their  force  in  guns,  the  Ame- 
ricans  improved  on  this  circumstance,  and  en- 
Urging  the  dimensions  of  their  vessels,  rated 
It^iem  low ;  and  though  their  guns  were  rated  as 

Jintish,  they  were  really  of  French  calibre 

.ASTLY,  The  British  at  the  commencement  of 

^he  war,  were  elate  with  victory,  too  confident 

ot  success;  and  by  despising  the  force  of  the 

ienemy,  gave  him  a  decided  advantage,  which 

Joy  the  Americans  was  carefully  improved.  The 

|more  thinking  part  among  them,  even  before 

*  When  the  Guerriere  was  taken,  the  British  officers 
and  crew  recognized  several  sailors  on  board  the  ene- 

'V^nfn'r    PP^J"3"'  in  particular,  had  been  cock- 
vain  to  Captain  Dacres. 


i 


■V  i 


% 


■■■i 
fill 


^'1 
n  I' 


\ 


:;i  • 


( 


'\   > 


■(   ;i 


52 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


the  war  commenced,  anticipated  success,  which 
they  Kroundtd  on  the  nejritct  obstrvable  in  the 
preparMtions  en  the  part  of  tht  British.  When 
the  Guernere  was  defeated,  the  ease  with  whicM 
the  viciory  was  obtained,  excited  surprise;  but 
When  a  second  and  a  third  British  fri^rate  were 
captured,  the  impression  of  positive  superiority 
over  us,  was  forcibly  made  on  the  public  mind. 

There  were  opportunities  of    bringing  the 
late  war  to  an  end,  without  compromising 'cither 
our  nation  .1  character  or  interest :  these,  hovvev. 
er,  were  not  only  neglected,  in  consequence  of 
those   fatal    preposset«ions  already  named,  but 
the  general  disasters  of  the  war  must  be  attribuJ 
ted  to  the  same  source.     New  Orleans,  even 
according  to  the  opinion  of  American  officers, 
might  have  been  captured  with  tfie  greatest  ease.i 
during  the  first  year  of  the  war;  but  by  giviiJ 
time    to   fortify   what   was  truly  a   defenceless 
coast,  we,  in  fact,  deprived  ourselves  of  that  imJ 
portant  possession.  By  displaying  a  large  force, 
and   an   injudicious    mock    bombardment   di\ 
Otonington,*  we  excited  contempt  and  indie-' 
nation.  ° 


thing 


It  is  not  in  the  nature  of  Americans  to  forwt 
"^^s  of  this  kind.     The  war  now  terminatedj 


to   Jrrifl   ti       •   K  f    ''  '''''''*^'''  ^^^  "^^^"^^^1  n^erdy 
to  teriity   the  inhabitants  into   a   release  of  a  cerbi 
British  h.dy  :  copies  of.  letter  said  to  he  sent  by  sir  r 
ba^.M  IV  1  "','^'^^'''^^*  promising  to  cease  the  oom. 
appeared  m  the  American  newspapers,  with  remarks, 


OP   CHEAT    BSITAIK.  33 

[will  be  impressed  on  the  mind  with  the  most  ..n 

lhr.s,«„  virulence:  by  a  sermon  JrZtTlX; 

DHthe  anniversary  of  American  indepenSe 

evvhole  aflair  will  be  misrepresented  to  poseril 

r.K     K^'!'  ^""''"^  confirmed  by  time*^    The 

uthor  has  been  « imess  to  the  acrimZ  of  in 

fammatory  allusions  made  to  the   ev Jution- rv' 

Ivar,  which    aboui   \id    in  fK«    a  *'"'^V'""°"^*0 

minence  over  us  and  all  other  na  iins  £  ll 
frobabe  she  will  ciintin.,»  „  """""s  ,  is  it 
llian  n.„     -V  continue  peaccab  e   bneer 

fan  necessity  compels  her  to  do  so  ?  No  -she 
h  learned  to  delight  in  war,  and  only  w.mts 
hds  to  carry  it  on.  This  defect  she  will  reml 
L'arof'"^  her  commerce  and  m  S  ." 
^res,  and  our  exertions  must  be  employed  to 
^ecu.  ouselves  Irom  her  rapacity.  eve'nTtlm: 

^»saddressi„\\fe"e"iP;:"'"=  ='""™=.  many  per- 

t  If  indeed,  the  American  Rovernmenl  di,I  „„,      .•  • 
^';;;he  return  of  Bon.p.te'^  .ro„r  ElS^'lfern"^  TZ 


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34 


COLONIAL    POLICY,    &C. 


If  at  any  future  period,  war  should  appear  in. 
cvitable,  let  not  a  mistaken  humanity  induce  us 
patiently  to  bear  provocation,  to  make  conccs. 
sions,  and  to  court  American  friendship ;  but  let 
Britain  anticipate  the  evil,  and  be  the  first  to  de- 
Glare  war.     The  distance  of  the  enemy,  and  her 
means  of  annoying  our  commerce,  by  the  im- 
mediate  equipment  of  numerous  privateers,  be- 
fore tlie  evil  would  be  remedied  by  the  opposi- 
tion  of  an  adequate  force;  or  some  man  of  war, 
unapprized  of  a  rupture,  which  mi^ht  be  attack- 
ed  like  the  Frolic  sloop  of  war,  and  captured  by 
a  vessel  of  the  same  nommal  force,  would  in- 
spire  the  enemy  with  a  species  of  frantic  cou- 
rage :  biit  by  being  beforehand  in  a  declaration 
of  war,  we  should  not  only  deprive  her  of  these 
advantages,  but  also  by  the  employment  of  a 
sufficient  force,  cripple  her  means  and  destroy 
her  spirit :  we  should  give  such  terrible  displays 
of  power,  without  a  moment's  delay,  by  the  de- 
struction of  her  commerce^  ships,  and  towns, 
as  thereby  effectually  to  restrain  her  insolence. 
Procrastination  only  induces  the  more  obstinate 
resistance,  and  gives  time  to  concentrate  and  ma- 
ture  the  means  of  defence  and  attack.* 

*  A  dash  at  Boston,  would  have  succeeded  thri-el 
months  after  the  commencement  of  the  late  war  :  a8,ex«[ 
cepting  the  castle,  which  is  not  sufficiently  strong  on 
the  land  side  to  have  resisted  a  bombardment  from  a 
convenient  unguarded  point  of  land,  the  other  fortifica- 
tions were  then  out  of  repair ;  the  whole  of  which  wcK| 
reconnoitred  by  the  author  from  the  harbour. 


t)X  THE 


To™ 

[to  raise  I 
necessarj 
consider 

[habitants 

That  1 

the  comr 

ftct  whic; 

when  me 

ire  indu( 

measure  ( 

the  labou 

of  these  i 

dreary  wil 

replete  w 

whole  ten 

dustrious, 

longer  abl 

mer  mean 

are  roused 


I  li' 


m 


CHAP.  VII. 


ON  THE  RESPECTIVE  NATURES  OP  THE  BRITISH  AXB 
AMERICAN  POPULATION. 


(I 


To  unfold  the  causes  which  have  contributed 
to  raise  America  to.her  present  height,  it  will  be 
necessary  to  trace  tl^e  origin  of  property,  and 
consider  the  circumstances  under  which  the  in- 
I  habitants  of  all  countries  exist. 

l.i.T'"'  "*'  ''^^  '"  ""   unimproved  state,  is 

Ifc  common  property  of  uncivilized  man,   is  a 

fcct  which  few  have  Been  disposed  to  deny '  bu? 

■^^nTL,";"''  ^f^'^'r^  -"J   industrious, 
h-re  induced  to  cultivate  the  ground,  thev  in  a 

measure  create  it  anew,   and  possess  a  righ   to 

e  labour  of  their  hands;  and  as  the  numbers 

f  these  increase,  that  which  before  appeared  a 

replete  with  comforts.     Thus   by  degrees  thp 

whole  territory  is  occupied  bv  the  Ld  vf  and  in 

fcf'"°"t','"^'"  the  idle  and  improWdent   no 

(tonger  able  to  support  themselves  by  thdr'for 

jmer  means,  and  in  danger  of  perishing  for  want 

are  roused  to  action ;  betake  themselves  toZ^t 

o 


.  i 


.  1' 


t    ^Jl* 


wm 
I  / 


36 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


I    iV 


i: 


1^^ 


^ude  at  first,  but  constantly  improving,  until 
the  productions  of  the  soil  are  at  length  ex. 
plorcd,  and  human  ingenuity  exerted  to  disco,  i 
ver  the  uses  to  which  these  productions  may  be 
advantageously  applied.  Staples  are  established 
and  manufactures  give  employment  to  those  who 
possess  no  land,  while  others,  more  attached  to 
rural  life,  continue  in  the  country  as  labourers 
for  hire.  ' 

This  state  of  things  is  fluctuating  perpetual., 
ly :  superior  industry,  skill,  or  various  circum- 
stances  combined,  elevate  many;  want   of  ap-j 
plication  and  talents  reduce  others;  purchases 
and  sales  of  land  divide  properties,  or  unite  many 
m  one  mass.     Thus  great  estates   are  formed, 
and  the  splendour  of  a  landed  interest  establish', 
ed;  commerce  at  length  transports  superfluous 
productions  to  foreign  parts,  and  imports  from 
thence  the  necessaries  or   the  luxuries  of  life,  j 
Thus  employment  is  given  to  the  whole  com.  I 
munity;  but  it  dispenses  its  blessings  by  veiy 
unequal  degrees  :  some  are  enriched,  others  im- 
povenshed ;  but  the  number  of  the  latter  will 
always  greatly  exceed  '    t  of  the  former.   Htnce 
it  vyill  come   to  pass  in   process  of  time,  that  I 
while  arts  and  trade  flourish,  and  agriculture  is 
generally  diffused,  multitudes  of  poor  will  be 
found  wholly  dependent  on  labour,    even  in  the 
best  regulated  country  ;  and  as  these  are  prone  to 
discontent,  the  superior  condition  of  their  rich  i 
neighbours  will  cause  theni  to  repine,  producing 
a  disposition  to  emigrate  in  order  to  better  their 


""*'■- 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIM. 


37 


condition.     Such  is  the  present  state  of  Great 
Britain:  the   country  is   cultivated,    improved, 
decorated;  her  staple  commodities  arc  well  em- 
ployed as  sources  of  wealth,  her  trade  and  ma- 
nufactures flourish:  yet  her  proportion  of  poor 
IS  very  large,  whose  necessities   even  her  im 
mense  wealth,  flowing  so  coplouslv  through  in^ 
numerable  channels,  can  scarcely  supply     Fre 
quent  wars  have  loaded  her  with  taxes,  and  in. 
creased  the  poverty  of  some  .•  while  others,  by 
their  means,  have  been  raided  to  high  dimities 
and  great  wealth.     It  must,  however,  be^  co^! 
fased,  that  the  condition  of  the   poor  has  not 
improved  in  the  same  proportion  as  that  of  the 
rich;  yet  these  differences  arise  from  causes  .! 
herent  and  direct,  not  from  combinations  of  the 
ric   to  oppress  the  poor,  as  some  imagine,  and 

n     n'^r"""'  "■"""'Pi '°  P"^^-     F™m  this 
state  of  things   arise    eIRcts   e(mal!v  beneficial 

and  uijurious    The  number  of  p'oorVr^Ss 
cantile   and  manufacturing  interests ;  and   the 

Z  1"'';°"!.?  T""  "^"""'y  'Via  induce  to 
enlist  give  facilities  for  warl  Ice  operations  with 

out  which  they  could  not  be  carried  oT'  B^t" 
mtrease,  and  the  poor  are  compelled  to  erai -rate 

xpec?H?"r'"7  ''''"I  S^«""  advantages^  e    ' 
expected  to  be  obtained. 

No  people  know  the  origin  of  property  better 
han  the  Americans.;  none  have  it  so  \mS 
ately  before  their  eyes.     Not  only   harthey 


?!f")B 


38 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


t    .S 


w  \ 


hewed  it  from  their  forests,  but  they  have  ex. 
pelled  thence  the  native  proprietors.    And  if  the 
white  Americans  c:aim  absolute  right  to  lands 
obtained  from  the  aborigines  by  treaty,  or  force 
of  arms  ;  if  the  richer  Americans  amass  pro- 
perty,  to  the  exclusion  of  the  poor; — with  what 
countenance  can  they  accuse  the  opulent  in  Bri- 
tain  of  tyranny  and  oppression,  merely  because 
they  apply  their  property  agreeably  to  the  die- 
tates  of  their  own  minds  ?     If  the  poor  in  this 
country  are  debarred  the  possession  of  land,  the 
wants  of  the  rich  furnish  them  with  employment. 
But  certainly  when  the  numbers  overflow,  care 
should  be  taken  to  remove  the  willing  superflu. 
ity,  by  the  colonization  of  foreign  possessions, 
where  they   may   take   root  and  flourish,   and 
eventually  prove  of  the  greatest  utility  to  the 
parent  country.     For  want  of  due  attention  to 
this  point,  great  numbers   of  British  subjects, 
disaffected  to  the  government,  or  borne  down  by 
adverse  circumstances,  have  sought  the  shores 
of  independent  America.   The  long  continuance 
of  a  state  of  war  in  Europe,  has  greatly  contribu- 
ted to  swell  the  lists  of  emigrants,  who,  carrying 
with  them  their  arts  and  collective  experience, 
have  increased  both  the  numerical  force  and  the 
political  importance  of  the  American  States,  be- 
yond all  precedent.     To  this  have  been  added 
the  advantages  of  neutral  commerce,  when  all 
Europe  was  engaged  in  war ;  the  connivance  of 
the  British  at  an  illicit  intercourse  with  their 
colontes ;  and  the  increased  demand  for  Ameri- 
can flour ; — a  fortunate  concurrence  of  events, 


or    GREAf    BRITAIN, 


39 


which  have  so  contributed   to  tlieir  greatness 
since  their  disunion   from   the  British  empire,* 
that  It  IS  not  surprising  that  the  people  should 
be  elated,  and  draw  comparisons  to  the  disadvan- 
tage ot  other  nations. 

In  this  prosperous  career  the  Americans 
might  have  proceeded  without  interruption,  had 
I  they  not  perverted  the  neutral  flag,  by  conduct 
highly  mimical  to  the  British  interests,  and  at 
the  same  time  given  encouragement  to  the  de- 
sertion  of  British  seamen  :  which  terminating  in 
an  unprofitable  war,  it  is  hoped  may  direct  this 
nation  to  pursue  its  true  interests. 

It  is  to  be  expected  that,  in  future,  govern- 
ment will  persevere  in  the  wise  measures  it  has 
now  adopted,  for  directing  emigration  to  their 
American  provinces,  as  it  has  given  decisive 
proofs  of  energy  and  prudence  in  its  late  enact- 
ments re  ative  to  the  number  of  passengers  in 
outward  bound  vessels,  and  the  restrictions  on 
tile  importation  of  grain. 


G2 


If 


/: 


( 


J 'II 


Thei 

lizatioQ, 

have  bee 

at  later  f 

rative  rei 

immense 

one  com 

I  occasions 

I  of  infant 

!  the  primi 

I  to  the  CO 

I  human  s\ 

with  woo 

We  may 

counts  V 

army  of 

which  tra 

history  ol 

toral  life, 

to  Egypt, 

finding  ps 

and  herds 


CHAP  VIII. 


ON  COLONIES  IN  GENERAL. 


The  progress  of  man  towards  a  state  of  civi 
lization,  and  the   benefits   of  society,  seems  to 
j  have  been  more  rapid  in  the  earlicbt  ages    than 
at  later  periods.    We  learn  from  the  sacred  nar- 
rative  respecting  the  confusion  of  languages  the 
immense  multitudes  that  were  bound  together  bv 
one  common  language ;  and  when  circumstances 
occasioned  their  dispersion,   the  rapid  protfrcss 
of  infant  scttiements.  It  would  appear  that  Asia 
the  primitive  seat  of  man,  was  peculiarly  suited 
to  the  colonization  of  the  emigrant  tribes  of  the 
human  species,  in  not  being  so  entirely  covered 
with  wood  as  Europe  or  America  in  after  times 
We  may  possibly  reject  as  fabulous,    the  ac' 
counts  which  historians  have  given  us,   of  an 
army  of  a  million  of  men   under   Semimmis 
which  traversed  from  Chaldca  to  India  ;  but  the 
history  of  the  Patriarchs  who  followed  the  paj. 
oral  hfe,  and  who  could  wander  from  Chaldea 
0  Egypt,  and  from  Egypt  back  to  Palestine, 
hnding  pasturage  for  immense  flocks  of  cattle 
and  herds  of  various  kinds,  abundantly  shows 


n 


f 


t   ^ 


42 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


that  nature  had  left  the  country  comparatively 
clear  of  wood,  and  that  they  were  not  often  under 
the  necessity  of  spending  their  time  in  cutting 
down  immense  forests,  or  even  bestowing  much 
labour  in  cultivating  the  ground,  to  procure  the 
means  of  subsistence  for  man  and  beast.  It  is 
however  certain,  that  the  continent  of  Asia  was 
very  thickly  inhahitcd,  and  that  at  length  it 
poured  its  sui>erfluous  population,  in  copious 
colonics,  throughout  Europe  and  Africa. 

Colonies,  then,  owe  their  origin  to  this  simple 
circumstance,    namely,  a  desire    to  wander  in 
quest  of  superior  advantages  in  a  foreign  Und— 
In  Europe  and  Asia,  it  is  reasonable  to  suppose 
the  adventurers  met  with    the  same  obstacles 
which  now  present  themselves  to  the  American 
colonist :  their  progress,  in  the  formation  of  so- 
cieties,  was  neither  so  rapid  nor  so  extensive  as 
th(  ir  progenitors.  Entering  on  a  forest,  the  work 
of  clearing  and  cultivation   was   performed  but 
slowly,  and  under  the  greatest  difficulties  :  they 
were  obliged  to  confine  themselves  to  a  small 
district,  while  the  adjacent  country  contiimed  a 
solitary  wilderness,  but  into  which  the  more  idle 
part  of  the  community  resorting,  found  subsist, 
ence  on  the  wild  fowl   with  which  the  woods 
abounded,  and  in  process  of   time  became  sa. 
vages,  like  those  of  America.   The  same  causes 
which  first  led  to  emigration  continuing  to  ope- 
rate,  fresh  bands  continued  to  issue  from  the  pa- 
rent  country,  who  were  either  received  as  friends, 
and  joining  themselves  to  their  predecessors, 


OF    CRIAT    BRITAIN. 


4S 


united  in  the  same  system,  enlarging  the  bounds 
of  cultivation ;  or  else,  attacked  and  subdued 
the  defenceless  colonists,  investing  themselves 
with  the  labours  of  the  vanquished,  whom  they 
compelled  to  cultivate  the  soil  as  slaves.  But, 
whenever  the  original  possessors  were  suflScient* 
ly  strong,  and  united  to  defend  themselves,  they 
removed  to  still  more  distant  parts,  forming  dis- 
tinct settlements ;  and  history  records  the  foun- 
dations of  mighty  empires,  laid  in  colonics  ari- 
sing  from  this  hostile  source. 

The  Romans  first  established  colonics  syste- 
matically  in  aid  of  their  grand  plan  of  empire. 
These  differed  not  only  in  their  tendency  and 
organization,  from  all  that  had  preceded  them, 
but    also    materially   from    each  other.      All 
former  colonies  having  been  led  by  some  ad- 
venturous chief,   independent   of  the   nations 
from  whence  they  issued,   or  gradually  grew 
from  the  fortuitousamalgamation  of  a  multitude, 
brought  together  without  plan  or  leader ;  while, 
on  the  contrary,  it  was  the  Roman  policy  to 
plant  colonies  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  con- 
quered countries  in  suhjection,  and  as  a  reward 
to  those  citizens  who  had  promoted  the  public 
good.*     These  colonies  were  cither  municipal, 
or  military  j  the  former  for  the  general  purposes 
of  agriculture  and  trade,   the  latter  merely  as 
garrisons :  in  no  instance,  however,  did  a  Ro^ 

*  In  this,  Britain  should  imitate  the  Romans. 


si 


1 


!/ '  m 


n 


I  ■> 


',', 


4(1  1 


u 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


man  senate  devise  a  colonial  system  on  the  mo 
dcrn  principle  of  monopoly  and  exclusion. 

From  the  decline  of  the  Roman  empire,  colo. 
nies  have  arisen  partly  from  war,  and  p;.rily  from 
the  desire  of  nations  and  individuals  to  improve 
their  condition,  till  the  discovery  of  America 
and  the  passage  to  the  East  Indies  by  the  Cape 
ot  Good  Hope,  produced  an  entirely  new  svs. 
tem—the  object  of  which  is,  equally  to  benefit 
the  infant  colony,  and  enrich  the  parent  state 
by  mutual  dependence,  and  a  participation  of 
reciprocal   benefits :  the  colony  dependin^r  on 
Its  parent  for  protection,  while,  in  return,  it 
transmitted  to  her  atone  itt  staple  exports.  This 
Bjstem  indeed  was  not  perfected,  nor  its  udvan. 
tages  tully  appreciated,  till  by  the  rapid  progress 
Qf  some  individuals,  and  the  failure  of  others, 
governments  were  induced,  not  barely  to  con- 
cur  in  the  establishment,  hut  to  lend  their  aid 
m   promoting    and  extending   their   colonies. 
1  he  effects  were  soon  apparent,   by  the  rapid 
increase  of  those  states  in  wealth  and  naval 
power. 

Britain  and  France  long  rivalled  each  other  in 
their  colonial  career.  The  latter,  at  length, 
yielded  to  the  fortunes  ot  the  former,  whose 
sway,  in  territorial  influence,  was  now  ample, 
Mild  her  power  and  riches  great  and  increasing. 

The  seeds  of  discord,  however,  were  sown  in 
some  of  the  colonies  from  their  first  establish- 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


45 


inent.     These,  and  the  hatred  borne  to  the  mo- 
thtr  country,  by  convicts,  vvliom  she  had  trans. 
I  ported  to  America,  were  never  tr;idicared.     A 
few  men  oi  bpeculative  minds,  of  restless  tem- 
pers, and  great  ambition,  profittcd  by  this  latent 
hostility,  to  magnify  a  triHing  incidem  into  a 
dangerous  conspiracy  of  the  mother  country 
for  destroymg  the  Uberties  of  the  colonies '  No 
means  were  spared  to  inflame  the  minds  of  the 
people    and  unhappily  the  British  government 
adopted  measures  of  coercion,  when  a  timely 
concession  of  the  point  would  probably  have 
proved  a  lasting  bond  of  union  between  the 
colonies  and  parent  state,  and  have  also  disap- 
pointed  the  ambitious  projects  of  revolutionary 
leaders.    Had  America  continued  a  British  pro- 
Ivince,  she  would  have  derived  advantages  in 
that  state,  vastly  superior  to  any  she  now  pos- 
sesses  m  her  independent  form.  That  her  com- 
merce would  have  increased  in  a  superior  degree 
may  be  proved  by  a  simple  reference  to  Hali-' 
ax,  bt.  John's,  and  Quebec*     It  would  have 
kept  pace   with  that  of  the  mother   country 
whose  power  would  have  proportionally  in creas! 
ed,  and  reflected  an  abundant  share  of  prospc 
rity  on  the  colonics  jf  with  the  advantage  of 

*  The  exports  and  imports  of  Quebec  alone,  in  the 
year  1808,  were  as  follows  :— 

Exports,  -         .         .         ^1,156,060 

Imports,  -         -         .  610,000 


Balance  in  f.-,vour  of  the  colony,  ,^5  16,060 

t  It  the  United  States  were  still  p:;rt  of  the  British 
—  le,   France  would   have  no  chance  in    contending 

St   lie  " 


'  '! 


empi 
u^'ainst  us. 


;' 


mU'-  m 


l{   I, 


/    li 


46 


OOLONIAl.    POLICY,    &C. 


British  capital,  to  extend  their  manufactures, 
and  clear  their  lands,  although  it  is  well  known 
that  a  very  considerable  proportion  of  their 
merchants  now  trade  from  ihc  same  stock  in  a 
covert  way. 

If  ihese  positions  be  admitted,  then  it  follows 
that  if  they  were  yet  unit'id  to  us,  we  should 
enjoy,  in  an  increasing  ratio,  the  benefits  of  I 
their  trade  and  additional  strength.     If,  on  the  I 
contrary,  it  be  asserted,  that  the  United  States 
have  been  gainers  by  the  change ;  that  they  have  | 
increased  in  power  and  wealth,  more  than  they 
would  have  done  as  colonies,  however  false  these  j 
assertions ;  yet,  if  it  be  simply  true,  that  they 
are  now  in  a  state  to  rival  this  country  and 
threaten  its  overthrow,  then  should  our  govern. 
ment  consider  American  affairs  as  deserving  its 
most  serious  attention,  and  adopt  a  correspoud 
ing  system  of  colonization,  blending  the  pohcy 
of  the  ancient  Romans  with  that  of  modern  na. 
tions ;  converting  her  colonics  into  the  means  of  | 
increasing  both  her  strength  and  her  opulence, 
In  the  next  chapter,  we  shall  attempt  to  prove 
that  the  measure  pregnant  with  these  benefits, 
would  not  be  attended  with  dar.ger. 


CHAP.  IX. 

m  THE  SECURITY  OP  7'HE  BRITISH  AMERICAN 
COLONIES. 

■ 

The  British  provinces  in  North  America  have 
the  strongest  inducement  to  continue  loyal  that 
can  operate  on  the  human  mind.  Interest.'  tha 
Ipowerful  mpetus  to  society,  which  frequently 
bep'esses  and  destroys  the  feeiinjrs  of  consan 
Iguimty,  nvets  those  provinces  to  the  mote 
*x>untry.     By  continuing  loyal,  they  have  every 

fe     f.'i?'  ^yJT"^  the  independent  fede. 
fation  of  the  neighbouring:  states,   they  have 
tvery  thmg  to  lose :  by  their  connexion  with  u^ 
fliey  acquire  importance  and  wealth;  by  sece' 

KcYncr''  "°"  ^'"'  '"'°  *---S™' 

Their  geographical  position  and  climate  the 
trcuinstance  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence  bein| 
Ibt  up  by  the  ice  during  several  months  "n 
M  year,  would  reduce  the  Canadas,  if  t Ly 

t       \-,"'°"'  ',°  "^*  ^""«''°"  of  the  Celt 
Nm;  whJe  equally  with  their  own,  the  New 

LriT,     '^^  competition  of  the  new  En 
f»d  state.    Instead  of  enjoying,  as  they  now 


i 


rj     ? 


i^il 


'I 

I 


48 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


i      . 


do,  an  increasing  trade  in  these  articles  with 
Britain  and  her  dependencies,  even  this  dimi. 
nished  trade,  would  be  obnoxious  to  frequent 
interruption,  in  time  of  war  with  England; 
who,  by  blockading  one  river^  could  efttct- 
iially  destroy  the  conimerce  of  these  extensive 
countries.  Their  fisheries  would  also  suffer  in 
a  still  greater  proportion  :  even  now  they  have 
felt  the  weight  of  rivalship,  and  in  a  great  mea- 
sure yielded  to  the  activity  and  enterprise  of 
the  republicans,  who  possessing  supeiior  faci- 
lities,  have  borne  away  the  principal  share  of 
this  valuable  branchr  of  commerce  :  nor  can  it  be 
doubted,  in  the  event  of  their  union  with  the 
states,  that  this  competition,  with  all  itsdisadvan- 
tages,  would'be  increased  :  on  the  other  hand,  if 
this  country  properly  consult  her  own  safety 
and  interest,  they  will  have  the  glorious  pios- 
pect  of  a  monopoly,  fraught  with  th»  greatest 
benefits. — We  may  add  to  these  the  evils  of  | 
separation  before  alluded  to,  the  growing  taxes, 
and  the  exclusion  from  some  important  branches 
of  commerce,  which  independent  America  now 
experiences,  and  which,  while  they  diminish 
her  advantages,  will,  in  the  same  ratio,  promote 
the  interests  of  the  British  colon"  "s. 

Can   it  then  be   supposed,  that  men  thus 
situated,  will  voluntarily  separate  from  a  coun- 
try, xVom  whon)  they  derive  these  solid  advan- 
tages ?     The  thing  is  highly  improbable  ;  nor  I 
can  the  example  of  the  United  States  be  tuiily 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


49 


adduced,   since,  as  was  before  observed,  the 
seeds  of  revolution  were  early  sown  there.*  On 
the  contrary,  the  British  provinces  of  Upper 
Canada,   Nova  Scotia,  and  New  Brunswick 
wtre  peopled  almost  exclusively  by  American 
loyalists,  who  have  preserved,  unimpaired,  that 
attachment  to  this  countrv  which  caused  their 
expatriation.  The  settlers  who  have  since  joined 
them,  have,  with  the  former,  enjoyed  the  fos- 
termg  care  of  government,  and  a  popular  con- 
stitution,  with  all  the  advantages  before  enii- 
merated;  while  the  French  inhabitants  of  Lower 
Canada,  being  those  only  whose  good  disposi- 
tion might   be  at  all  questioned,   have  evin- 
ced on  every  occasion  the  contrary  feelings  of 
loyalty  and  patriotism  :  and  whatever  predilec 
tions  they  might  entertain  for  France,  it  is  cer- 
tain they  would  most  decidedly  oppose  the 
United  States  :  in  short,  the  general  good  dis- 
position and  conduct  of  the  provinces,  during 
the  late  war,   stands   eminently  conspicuous! 
and  merits  a  suitable  reward. 

Though  this  country,  sincfe  the  fatal  Ameri- 
can  secession,  has  made  but  few  attempts  to 
extend  her  colonies,  yet  the  bond  of  union  be- 
tween her  and  the  loyal  provinces  has  been' 
drawn  much  closer,  in  consequence  of  the  ex- 
istence of  an  independent  rival  in  their  neigh- 
bourhood; while  experience  has  shown  the 
mabihty  of  the  United  States  to  conquer  Cana- 
aa,  even  in  its  present  state:   although  one 


I '    I     ,  ti 


\n  jj 


' 


i  1 S 


: 


50 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


^,      f\  ! 


r  I      1 


argument  urged  in  Congress  on  behalf  of  a 
declaration  of  war,  was  the  ease  and  certainty 
with  which  the  provinces  would  be  conquered. 
It  was  even  represented  that  the  provincials 
would  not  resist,  but  meet  their  invaders,  and 
recognise  in  them  deliverers  from  tyranny  and 
oppression ;  or  that  if,  contrary  to  expectation, 
they  did  resist,  they  might,  when  conquered,* 
be  retained  as  a  pledge,  to  secure  more  favour- 
able  terms  of  peace.  Britain,  it  was  said,  "would 
make  any  sacrifice  rather  than  leave  valuable 
colonies  in  the  enemy's  hands,"  while,  among 
the  many  curious  speculations  that  were  made 
of  the  importance  of  these  provinces  to  the  Uni. 
ted  States,  it  was  estimated  that  the  coal  alone 
of  Cape  Breton  and  Nova  Scotia  would  repay 
the  expenses  of  a  seven  yearsf  war :  yet  with 
all  these  inducements  and  exertions,  their  aims 
have  been  frustrated,  and  Canada  has  triumphed 

•  So  confident  were  the  Americans  of  succesS)  that 
General  Dearborne  had  actually  prepared  a  triumphal 
coat,  richly  decorated  with  oak  leaves,  as  the  victor's 
mead,  which  was  destined  to  be  worn  on  entering 
Quebec.  The  popular  toast  was,  "  may  the  army  eat 
its  Christmas  dinner  in  Quebec." 

t  Unwise  reservations  to  the  crown  of  all  mines,  &c. 
essentially  injure  the  colonies.  The  Cape  Breton  coal 
is  farmed  by  a  company,  who  make  shameful  use  of  their, 
monopoly,  to  keep  coals  dear  at  Halifax.  There  have 
been  numerous  grains  of  pure  gold  found  in  Nova  Scotia; 
and  it  is  presumed  there  are  veins  of  that  metal  in  the 
province.    Chrystal  is  found  in  the  basin  of  mines  at 


L   i! 


Ot    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


51 


oter  all  the  hostile  attacks  of  the  United  States 
of  America. 

Cape  Blowmedown  and  the  Asbestos  in  considerable 
quantmes :  but  the  inhabitants  having  no  encourace- 
ment,  do  not  use  their  internal  resource's. 


1^1 


U 


h2 


m 


i  ii 


M\ 


I     V 


p^ 


, 


!       \ 


il 


CHAP.  X. 


ON  THE  INHERENT  WEAKNESS  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES. 


A  COUNTRY  is  strong  in  proportion  to  its 
means  of  defence,  and  weak  in  proportion  to  the 
extension  of  its  frontier  and  the  thinness  of  its 
population.  Hence  islands  are  strong  as  sur- 
rounded by  the  sea,  and  invincible  when  employ- 
ing a  superiority  of  naval  force. 

America,  possessing  a  sea  frontier  of  great  ex- 
tent, and  large  navigable  rivers,  enjoys  the  means 
of  building  ships  in  safety,  far  inland,  and  of 
sending  them  to  sea.  Those,  when  once  off  the 
coast,  can  range  the  ocean  with  impunity ;  while 
their  return  is  facihtatcd  by  the  innumerable  har. 
hours  which  present  themselves,  especially  to 
the  eastward.  On  this  coast,  fogs  and  yariable 
winds  prevail,  rendering  it  difficult  to  watch  or 
blockade  the  creeks  and  commodious  inlets  with 
which  it  abounds.  But  these  circumstances 
render  it  impossible  for  the  Americans  to  guard 
against  predatory  incursions.  Floating  armies, 
confining  their  operations  to  descents  on  the 


» 


i.l 


I'Vl 


^ 


it 


54 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


coast,  and  hovering  about,  could  perpetually  ha. 
rass  them  by  marches  and  counterniarches 
while  their  real  point  of  attack  might  be  effec' 
tually  concealed.  The  safety  of  their  seaports 
durmt<  the  late  war,  is  rather  owing  to  British 
forbf^^^urance  than  to  the  strength  of  their  fortiaca- 
tions:  even  New  York  is  not  impregnable 
though  protected  by  Castle  Williams. 

As  it  is  of  great  importance  to  the  British  go. 

vernment  always   to  be  fully  and  accurately  in. 

formed  concerning  the  military  positions  of  the 

United  States,   it  may  be  fairlv  presumed  that 

due  attention  will  always  be  paid  to  this  point: 

it  would  enable   invaders  frequently  to   turn  a 

post  that  was  too  stroi'g  for  direct  attack.     For 

instance,  with  the  requisite  information,  in  an  at- 

tack  on  Boston,  cavalry  might  be  landed  near 

Scituate,   who,   by  a  quick  movement,   could 

surprise  and  possess   themselves  of  Dorchester 

heights,  while  a  feint  was  made  in  front  of  the 

harbour ;  and  the  heights  once  taken,  the  town 

would  not  be  tenable,  and  must  capitulate  with. 

out  much  bloodshed. 

The  French  government  were  very  assiduous 
in  the  collection  of  information  relative  to  Ame- 
rica :  the  change,  the  parade,  tiie  public  works, 
were  all  infested  by  French  emissaries,  who  con. 
tinually  transmitted  the  most  accurate  intelligence 
to  their  employers  ;  and  as  Buonaparte  had  cer- 
tainly  the  conquest  of  that  counuy  in  view,  if 
opportunities  had  been  afforded  for  making  the 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


ss 


ihJ 


itempt,  his  operations  would  soon  have  prov- 
ed,  that  he  knew  the  geography  of  the  country 

The  great  extent  of  the  United  States  inland 

jfrontier,  renders  it  extremely  vulnerable,  while 

jthcir  principal  rivers  rise  but  a  short  distance 

jfrom  our  own,  and  would  greatly  facilitate  the 

[advance  of  an  army  into  the  interior.     Such  be- 

W  our  rival's  situation,  it  becomes  an  imperious 

Jduty  incumbent  on  us  to  strengthen  the  oppo- 

Ising  frontier,  and  to  be  ready  to  act  on  the  ofFen- 

Isive,  if  occasion  required,  which  would  operate 

las  a  diversion^  to  draw  the  militia  from  the  coast. 

JAnd  if  the  British  forces  under  Generals  Am- 

herst,  Wolfe,  and  Prideaux,   could  commence 

[operations  at  three  distant  points,  and  succeed 

In  forming  a  junction  at  Montreal,  it  would  not 

jbe difficult  to  march  from  Canada  on  New  York, 

lin  co-operation  with  a  sufficient  force  from  the 

lAtlaiitic;  especially  as  the  country  near  Lake 

jChamplain,  which  in  General  Wolfe's  time  was 

la  dreary  wilderness,  now  presents  flourishing  set- 

Jtlements  and  improved  roads.     The  same  im- 

Iprovements  are  also  observable  on  the  Mohawk, 

IConnecticut,  Susquehanna,  Illinois,  and  Kenne- 

|bec  rivers. 

• 

Thus  holding  Canada,  and  preserving  it  in  a 

[proper  military  condition,  no  state  in  the  Union 

Icould  be  secure  from  an  irruption  from  thence 

into  its  very  interior,  if  occasion  required  ;  while 

her  own  inherent  strength  may  be  appreciated  by 


4 

i 

If 

I 


'S'^         i| 


56 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


I'll 


n 


calling:  to  mmd,  that,  previous  to  1758,  with 
slender  population,  she  held  in  check,  for  a  con 
siderable  period,  and  frequently  beat  the  >vho|, 
Uritish  army,  though  greatly  superior  in  numbtr 
and  equipment. 

If  Canada,  when  an  infant  settlement,  display 
ea  such  an  imposing  posture,  what  may  notfl 
expected  from  her  in  future  ?     In  the  late  J 
test  the   resistance  she  made,  proved  that  he 
frontier  is  worthy  the  most  serious  attention  o 
the  parent  country :  and  when  duly  reinforced 
will  prove  an  impregnable  barrier  to  Americaoi 
encroachment,  as  well  as  a  key  at  all  times  to  t^ 
hostile  states.     This  subject  is   deserving  tS 
more  respect,   from  the  consideration   that  the 
Arftericans  have  avowed  their  determination  tJ 
possess  Canada,  and  never  to  lose  sight  ofthaj 
object ;  and  this  especially,  as  the  peace  recentlJ 
concluded  cannot  be  regarded  as  very  sincere 
1  he  unexpected  changes  that  have  lately  occur 
red  m  Europe,   may  possibly  contribute  to  enJ 
courage  America  again   to' commence  hostili.! 
ties.*  I 

It  is  to  be  regretted,  that  a  change  in  the  fron-i 
tier  Ime  of  the  provinces,  has  not  been  insisted 
on  III  the  treaty  of  Ghent.  But  as  the  author 
considers  that  subject  of  vast  importance,  he  re] 
serves  his  opinions  upon  it  for  another  chapter. 
m  the  mean  time,  however,  the  British  public 
ought  to  be  informed,  that  American  ambition| 

*  Written  before  the  baitltof  Waterloo. 


i  i 


u 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


57 


lims  not  only  at  the  reduction  of  Canada,  but 
ilbo  at  the  extirpation  of  the  Indians,  which  will 
r  much  facilitated   by  their  knowledge  of  the 
biitier,  giving  them  a  decided  advantage  in  their 
hegociations  with  us.     Hence   those  extensive 
kgions  lying  to  the  westward  of  Lakes  Michi- 
gan and  Superior,  have  been  marked  out  as  the 
tat  of  future  states,  under  the  title  of  Indiana! 
riiiis  from  the  lake  of  the  Woods,  to  the  Falls 
bf  Sl  Anthony,  and  thence  to  Lake  Erie,  hostile 
Settlements  are  forming  on  the  borders  of  Upper 
Canada ;  and  that,  no  doubt,  with  an  uhimate 
view  to  its  entire  reduction.     The  circumstance 
of  t/ie  existence  of  these  coionies,  should  rouse 
the  attention  of  this  government :  their  inhabi- 
tiiits  at  present  are  thinly  scattered,  and  it  is  not 
likely  that  a  great  population  will  gather  round 
khem,  if  Britain  do  but  colonise  her  own  provin- 
bs.     Forty  thousand  emigrants  disposed  along 
fhe  frontier,  from  Kingston  to  Lake  Superior, 
biid  the  same  number  settled  in  other  parts  of 
.anada.  Nova  Scotia,    and  New   Brunswick, 
iwonid  be  amply  sufficient  for  all  the  purposes  of 
bgriculture  and  defence.     Until  that  number  be 
lcom[)ktcd,  this  nation  should  not  be  satibfied, 
■nor  consider  her  provinces  to  be  secure. 


n 


mr-  ill 

m\ 


^S^^^^f^Jk&:. 


I 


'I 


( 


1 


■f 


5lf    i 


[T  ia  n 
^riendbhii: 
engaged  i 
cided  adv 
sf  our  coi 
tsttem.  , 
leral  Bro 
death  of 
lie  knew  j 

(empers. 

Ihese  poor 
to  iti 

preat  Fat 

fitude  ;*  v 

*  The  fa 
leal"  of  synij 
roic  courage 
vlio,  after  fi 
lind  displave 
rism  be  not 
America,  it 
l<ime  time,  s 
llie  western 
jip  their  chie 


CHAP.  XI. 


ON  THE  INDIAN  ALLIES. 


Jt  ia  now  a   fact  well   understood,   that  the 
rriencbiiiij  of  the  Indians  to  this  country,  when 
fcngaged  in  an  American  war,  is  of  the  most  de- 
ided  advantage.     Hence  it  has  been  the  policy 
bf our  commanders  in  Canada,  to  conciliate  their 
steem.  ,  In  this  Sir  William  Johnson  and  Ge- 
heral  Brock  were  eminent  examples,  and   the 
death  of  the  latter  was  peculiarly  disastrous    as 
he  knew  so  well  how  to  manage  their  capricious 
lempers.      The  bravery  and  good  conduct  of 
hese  poor  allies,  their  attachment  to  this  country 
fciul  to  Its  Sovereign,  whom  they  style  "  their 
jGreat  Father,  merits  both  our  applause  and  gra- 
|itude  ;*  and  though  in  war  they  are  cruel  and 

•  Tlie  fate  of  the  brave  chief  Tecumseth,  claims  the 
[ear  ot  sympatny  After  the  most  signal  displays  of  he! 
[o.c  courage,  he  tell,  and  was  found  by  the  Americans 
ho  after  flaying  the  body,  stuffed  the  skin  wiTh  1'^; 
nd  d.snlaved  u  as  a  trophy  !  ^If  this  instance  of  barbl 
U  be  not  sufficient  to  appal  the  admirers  of  republca„ 
Nerca.u  might  be  further  observed,  that  about  the 
Ijme  time,  some  advantages  having  been  obtained  over 
II  c  western  Indnns,  the  nation  was  compelled  to  deliver 
I     eir  chief,  whom  the  victors  condemned  to  be  burm 


f.:< 


M  ' 


i 


60 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


iiil 


revengeful,  yet  in  peace  they  are  just  in  their 
dealings,  punctual  in  the  obscri-nce  of  promi 
Ges,  of  strict  veracity,  and  sciup  r  honest- 

deserving  the  utmost  care  in  ti  »  ""uctm 
and  civilization,  yet  suffermg  more  L^  ir  bad 
example  than  they  gain  by  our  intercourse. 

It  now  appears  beyond  the  possibility  of  con- 
tradiction,  that  American  polio/  is  directed  to- 
wards  the  total  extermination  of  the  Indians. 
Orr  policy,  on  the  contrary,  should  be  to  col' 
lect  and  concentrate  their  scattered  tribes,  at- 
taching  them  to  our  interests,  by  blending  them, 
if  possible,  with  our  own  people,  by  means  of 
intermarriages:  and  the  author  entertains  the 
pleasing  opinion,  that  complete  success  in  the 
attainment  of  this  object  may  soon  be  expected 
provided  sufficient  attentiov^  is  paid  to  their  true 
interests. 

Partial  attempts  to  improve  the  condition  of 
the  Indians  have  been  made,  both  by  the  British 
and  American  governments,  notwithstanding 
the  prevailing  sanguinary  views  of  the  latter, 
while  societies  and  individuals  have  prosecuted 
with  ardour  the  same  benevolent  design.  The 
Quakers  of  Pennsylvania,  in  particular,  have 
distinguished  themselves  by  their  endeavours 
to  introduce  among  these  indolent  and  degra. 
ded  beings,  agriculture  and  habits  of  industry, 
and  that  with  considerable  success.  Their  plan 
was,  in  the  first  instance,  to  conciliate  and  as- 
sure the  Indians  that  they  were  onlv  actuated 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


61 


with  a  view  to  their  benefit :  then  to  point  out 
the  importance  and  great  advantage  of  these 
pursuits ;  and  when  they  were  sufficiently  dis- 
posed  to  commence  the  labour,  they  furnished 
them  with  seeds,  tools,  and  instructors. 

The   benevolent   intentions  of  the  British 
government  towards  the  Indians  have  been  va. 
-i)usly  exhibited,  such  as  in  the  establishmem 
of  schools  for  their  education ;   but  thes-  in- 
scitutions    emanating  from  philanthropy,  indi- 
cate absolute  ignorance  of  the  real  character  of 
those  they  are  designed  to  benefit.    It4s  better 
to  tanrie  them  to  the  axe  and  ploueh,  than  dis- 
gust  them  with  learning.    t£  aufhor  has  seen 
many    who  could  converse  and  write,  both  in 
French  and  English,  yet  had  not  lost  their 
native  laziness,  or  savage  habits.     In  vain  may 
the  government  erect,  and  liberally  endow  such 
institutions,  or  use  any  other  means  to  attain 
his  desirable  object,  unless  the  execution  of 
their  intentions  be  confided  to  proper  men. 
The  mtendants  of  Indian  affairs  mly  be  enrich- 
ing  tnemselves  from  the  presents  which  annuallv 
pass  through  their  hands,  and  which  are  de^ 
signed  to  conciliate  the  natives,  while  the  de- 
signs  of  government  are  ficstrated,  and  the 
poor  Indians  remain  more  depraved  than  before. 
-Lan  British  authority  be  better  exerted  than 
m  detecting  and  punishing  such  offenders  ? 

Canadians,  is  a  subject  that  should  occupy  the 


r^ 


I, 


■  ■it 


62 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


attention  of  the  British  government.     A  small 
bounty  given  to  the  parties,  would  overcome 
innumerable  objections  that  might  otherwise 
arise.  A  premium  of  one  thousand  acres  should 
be  given  to  any  man  who  married  a  Sguaxv, 
and  had  two  children  by  her,  subject  to  this 
condition,  that  it  should  revert  to  the  cro\vn, 
if  at  any  time  ht  abandoned  his  wife.     ^  like 
premium  should  be  given  to  a  woman  who 
married  anindian,  and  by  her  influence  led  him 
into  habits  of  industry.     In  this  case,  the  man 
should  be  regarded  as  a  minor,  while  the  estate 
should  be  secured  to  the  woman.    A  premium 
of  one  thousand  pounds  should  be  given  to 
any  philanthropist,  who,  by  his  persuasions, 
without  the  aid  of  liquor,  prevailed  on  not  less 
than  fifty  Indians,  to  form  a  settlement,  clear 
the  land,  and  cultivate  it,  and  pursue  a  course 
of  industry  for  ten  successive  years,  the  men 
labouring  equally  with  the  women ;  the  tools 
&c.  furnished  by  government,  and  the  produce 
of  the  farms  being  solely  appropriated  to  the 
benefit  of  the  Indians. 

Various  other  regulations  might  be  made, 
with  abundant  profit  to  the  country.  Gentle 
means  must  be  used,  and  pains  taken  to  eradi- 
cate that  contempt  for  labouring  men  and  the 
notion  of  superior  case  and  dignity,  which  the 
meanest  Indian  entertains. 

The  author  once  knew  a  whole  tribe  of  the 
Buck,  or  Arrowkwas  Indians,  on  the  river  Co- 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


63 


rantam,  in  Berbice,  so  far  aroused,  by  artful  ad- 
dress, from  their  native  indolence,  as  to  com- 
mence, and  perfect  the  clearance  of  an  estate 
of  two  thousand  acres.  This  is  not  a  fair  ex- 
ample  of  the  utility  of  the  measures  proposed, 
a.  tne  temptation  of  rum  was  employed,  and 
when  the  contract  was  completed,  they  retum- 
ea  to  their  old  habits  of  savage  life.* 

It  should  be  a  point  of  considerable  moment 
with  the  Governors  of  Canada,  to  make  such 
arrangements  as  may  induce  the   Indians  to 
build  their  villages  more  remote  from  the  fron- 
tier;  in  order  that,  should  hostilities  recom- 
mence, the  enemy  may  not  obtain  possession 
ot  the  Squaws    and  Pappooseg,  (that  is,  the 
women  and  children)  as  hostages  for  the  en- 
duct  of  the  men;  a  policy  successfully  em- 
ployed  during  the  late  war,  and  which  reluc 
antly  compelled  the  Indians,  in  some  instances, 
to  take  up  arms  against  us.~Another  conside- 
ration of  importance  is,  that  vigilance  be  exer- 
cised to  prevent  emissaries  from  the  United 
htetes  seducing  the  affection  of  these  Indian 
allies    who   in  consequence  of  their  extreme 
credulity ,  may  be  easily  imposed  on ;  and  as 

1  /!• ''  ""r""'^  '''^'''"'  ^^  ^"^  I"dia"  than  the 
nputation  of  cowardice,  no  doubt  exists  in 
[the  mind  of  the  author,  but  the  circumstances 

Perhaps  this  wns  the  cheapest  clearance  ever  madp  • 

l'^.  6rf.  a  gallon  and  two  pieces  of  blue  lalampores 

I  2 


i      I 


t      fi 


f  I 


*/ 


64 


COLONIAL    POLICY  &C. 


of  the  late  peace  will  be  so  falsely  coloured  in 
American  attempts  of  this  nature,  that  unless 
much  care  is  used  to  enlighten  their  minds,  and 
prove  the  contrary,  the  unsuspecting  Indians 
may  suppose  us  such  as  represented,  and  for 
ever  abandon  our  alliance. 


i   I 


CHAP.  XII. 


ON  THE  FISFIEIUKS. 


A  NATION  possessing   natural   resources, 
should  never  permit  them  to  be  employed  by 
foreigners  against  herself.     They  may  indeed, 
from  courtesy,  be  permitted  to  participate  in 
the  benefits ;  but   when  this  permission  is  so 
used,  as  either  to  become  injurious  to  the  pro- 
prietors, or  when  the  admitted  party  claims  the 
privilege  as  a  right,  and  proceeds  to  enforce 
the  claim,  effectual  measures  must  be  employed 
to  repress  the  intruders.     To  the  disgrace  of 
past  times,  the  Dutch  fishermen  were  not  only 
permitted  to  take  fish  on  the  coast  of  England 
but  actually  to  bring  it  to  the  London  market; 
while  this  lucrative  concern  annually  drew  im- 
mense  sums  over  into  Holland,  impoverishing 
this  country,  injuring  our  fisheries,  and  proved 
destructive  to  the  supplies  of  seamen,  whose 
nursery  was  thus  transferred  to  foreigners. 

Similar,  in  kind,  but  far  more  injurious  in 
Its  effects,  was  the  policy  which  gave  permis- 
sion to  the  Americans  to  take  cod  on  the  banks 
ot  new-foundland,  Sable,  &c.  There  the  Bri_ 
tish  mamtam  large  establishments  for  curing 


i;:-     ,' 


^ 


«'l  p. 


ji'i  '  til 


f.i  r 


66 


COLONIAL     POLICY 


h 


^  I 


m  'U 

■lis* 


and  ware-housing  the  fish,  and  support  several 
thousand  persons  employed  in  the  fishery.  Ac- 
cording  to  existing  regulations,  the  fish  must 
be  cured  and  dried  on  shore,  where  it  under, 
goes  a  minute  inspection,  by  persons  properly 
qualified,  who  divide  it  into  classes,  which  are 
distinguished  as  Merchantable,  Madeira,  and 
West  India  fish;  the  former  being  the  superi. 
or,  the  latter  of  inferior  quality,  while  the  re- 
fuse  is  not  permitted  to  be  sent  out  of  the  coun. 
try,  being  destined  either  to  feed  dogs  that 
draw  sledges,  or  perish  with  the  entrails  of  the 
fish,  which  are  not  suffered  to  be  drawn  until 
its  arrival  on  the  shore. 

These  wise  regulations  are  intended  to  pre. 
serve  the  reputation  of  the  goods  in  foreign  mar. 
kets,  and  up  the  Straits,  where  fish  of  the 
first  quality  is  chiefly  purchased ;  and  they,  at 
the  same  time,  operate  to  preserve  uninjured 
the  fishery  itself  as  the  cod  desert  those  parts 
that  are  contaminated  by  offal. 

Unrestrained  in  the  mode  of  curing  their  fish, 
and  regardless  of  reputation,  the  Americans 
adopted  a  cheajier  and  more  expeditious  me- 
thod. Neglecting  the  trade  in  merchantable 
fish,  they  aimed  principally  at  supplying  our 
West  India  colonies :  instead  of  losing  time  to 
cull  and  dry  the  fish  on  shore,  which  would 
have  employed  additional  boats  and  hands,  they 
salted  their  fish  down  on  board  their  vessels  as 
soon  as  caught;  and  to  the  excessive  injury  of 


,,4...  ^ 


OF    GREAT    JJiUfAI.V. 


67 


the  fishery,  threw  the  guts,  &c.  into  the  sea, 
and  either  did  not  dry  their  fisli  at  all,  or  very 
imperfectly,  on  the  deck  and  rioiring,  during 
their  passage.  On  their  arrival,  it  was  usual  to 
make  the  best  bargain  they  could,  lumping 
their  whole  cargo  together,  according  to  its  ap- 
Uarent  quality.  Th-  merchant  afterwards  ie- 
paratcd  the  good  from  the  bad,  reserving  the 
former  for  the  whites,  the  latter  for  the  negroes, 
who  are  most  gratified  by  decayed  fish,  of  strong 
rancid  smell ;  it  being  usual  in  the  same  cargo, 
to  find  every  variation,  from  absolute  putres- 
cence, to  that  of  the  middling  quality. 

By  these  means,  after  returning  to  the  coast 
of  Newfoundland,  with  a  cargo  of  rum,  sugar, 
or  molasses,  smuggUd  on  boUrd,  and  bartering 
their  goods  at  Burin,  the  bay  of  Bulls,  &c.  they 
would  take  in  a  second  cargo,  cither  of  prime 
fish  for  Eur/)pe,  or  West  India  fish,  with  which 
jthey  would  take  a  second  trip,  and  sell  at  an 
advanced  price,  and  that  even  before  our  regu- 
lar traders  were  prepared  to  make  one  voyage  ; 
and  when  these  at  length  arrived,  the  market 
was  frequently  found  glutted  with  the  Ameri- 
can  cargoes  !  Under  these  circumstances,  they 
were  obliged  to  sell  at  inferior  prices,  some- 
|times  even  below  the  prime  cost  of  labour.* 

The  demand  for  fish  in  our  West  India  settlements, 
lupon  an  average  of  three  ye  rs  endin  l80r,  wus  456,221 
Icwt.  97,486  of  which  wjs  furnished  by  the  mother  coun- 
try, eaving  358,735  cwt.  w  ich  should  have  been  sup. 
"^ '"''  from  our  own  American  fisheries    But  strange  and 


\% 


68 


COLONIAL    ^OLICV 


Vi  '  . 


But  these  evils,  though  great  to  individuJ 
merchants,  are  not  to  be  compared  with  those 
which  arise  to  the  nation  generally.  The  Amc 
ricans  chiefly  employ  in  this  trade  old  and  crazy 
vessels,  m  general  the  joint  property  of  master 
and  crew,  who  share  the  profits  as  in  privateers 
which  rtimulates  individual  exertion,  both  in  thj 
taking  and  curing  the  fish,  as  well  as  under  the 
pecuhar  fiitigues  and  hardships  of  the  voyage 
tnc  state  of  the  vessel  obliging  them  mostly  tj 
work  the  pumps   during   the  whole  passaJ 

i  his  made  them  good  sailors,  expert  in  reJ 
sources,  and  better  suited   than  landsmen  to 
class  as  ordinaries  and  wasters,  on  board  ships 
ot  war.     If  the  Americans  are  indebted  to  theirl 
more  regular  commerce,  and  large  vessels,  fori 
able  seamen,  they  derived  the  ordinary,  which 
constitute  the  more  numerous  classes,   froml 
this  trade  ;  and  the  privateers  in  the  late  warl 
derived  from  hence  their  main  strength;  menl 
of  proper  habits,  who  could  endure  almost  any 
privation,  or  encounter  any  danger. 

The  permission  of  this  trade  certainly  an 
swered  the  purposes  of  the  West  India  planter 

unaccountable  as  it  may  appear,  although  our  own  fishj 
eries  produced  8  17,351  cwt.  yet  the  British  governmeDj 
encouraged  the  Americans  to  supply  188,125  cwt,  of  thiJ 
358,735 :  whilst,  by  their  impolitic  measures,  they  sd 
cramped  tMs  valuable  branch  of  the  trade  of  our  AmeriJ 
can  colonies,  that  only  170,610  was  supplied  from  ouj 
own  fisheries  in  that  quarter  ;  which  were  kept  in  a  did 
couraged  state,  though  suceptible  of  the  greatest  iaJ 
provement.  ' 


OF    GREAT    aRITAIN. 


69 


U  merchants    who  welcomed  the  Americans 
s  most  valuable  triends;  but  it  so  depressed 
kr  rismg  colonies,  that  they  hardly  dared  to 
ntcr  into  any  competition,  till  the  late  war  put 
b  end  to  the  rivalship.     Then  they  began  to 
Wtake  of  the  benefits  which  nature  and  local 
lituation  had  assigned  to  them ;  and  considera- 
be  extensions  of  the  fisheries  were  made  by 
Ihe  British  proymcial  merchants.     It  now  ap. 
jcars  that  nothing  is  wanting  to  enable  Britain 
lo  furnish  the  West  Indies  on  better  terms  than 
ler  competitors,  but  an  accession  of  manual 
bength  to   Nova   Scotia,   New    Brunswick 
tape  Breton,   and   Prince   Edward's  Island  • 
hese  provinces  being  sufiiciently  fertile  to  sup' 
ortan  increased  population,  while  the  old  el 
bbhshments  m  Newfoundland  would  be  highly 
^nefited   by  the  transfer  of  the    trade  from 
e  Americans  to  the  provincials.   Considering 
be  sterility  of  the  soil,  and  inhospitality  of  th! 
Pimate,  it  will  never  be  expedient  to  cultivate 
r  \7"^i^'^d  =  it  must  continue  a  mere  fish- 
k  establishment,  dependent  on  foreign  sup- 
|ies     But  this  cannot  with  propriety  be  said 
bf  the  previnces  previously  alluded  to,  which 
phey  have  m  any  measure  dependant  on  im* 
bortation,  it  is  because  the  towns  have  possessed 
major  part  of  the  emigrants  who  Lmt  into 
country,  leaving  the  farmer  almost  desti- 

I  Ln  ?^°"'^"'  t«,  «"PPlv  by  extended  culti- 
I  on,  the  increased  demand.  Newfoundland 
[hoiild  confine  itself  exclusively  to  the  prenr 
htion  of  the  fish  for  purchasers  f  leaving\o  ?he 


\f- 


'  I '^'  it 


i    i 

n 


70 


COLONIAL    rOLlCV 


N( 


V 


provincials  the  carrying  of  them  to  the  VV^est 
Indies,  and  to  the  European  merchants  the 
exportation  to  Enghmd  and  the  Straits. 

Beside  the  article  of  cod  fish,  there  is  a  con. 

siderable  demand  in  the  West  Indies  for  her. 

rings,  mackarel,  salmon,  &c.  which  abound  oa 

the  coast,  in  the  creeks  and  rivers  of  British 

America,  from  Labrador  to  Maine ;  and  this 

description  of  fishery  the  provincials  should  be 

encouraged  to  prosecute  on  the  largest  pos- 

sible   scale.      This  can  only  be   effected  by 

an  increase    of   population  ;    for    as    matters 

now  stand,  the  fishery  rather  injures  than  be- 

nefits  the  provinces,  since  if  the  scanty  num. 

ber  of  labourers  they  contain,  hire  themselves 

to  this  employ,  they  must  desert  the  farmers 

in  the  spring,  when  their  services  are  most 

wanted. 

It  has  been  proposed,  that  a  monopoly  should 
be  given  to  the  British  herring  fishery  at  home; 
but  those  who  support  such  a  proposition 
would  do  well  to  reflect  that  the  reign  of  abso- 
lute  monopoly  is  over ;  and  as  this  country 
must  divide  her  profits  and  commerce  to  a 
certain  extent,  the  only  real  question  is,  shall 
this  participation  be  given  to  our  rancorous 
enemies  and  inveterate  foes,  or  to  obedient 
and  valuable  colonies,  who,  during  the  late 
contest,  espoused  our  cause'  with  ardour, 
and   maintained  no  contemptible  number  of 


OP    GIIKAT    BRITAIN. 


n 


es  are  most 


troops  in  our  defence  ?*  Surely  Great  Britain 
IS  the  more  compelled  to  adopt  the  latter 
pohcy  from  the  consideraiJon,  that  by  so 
doing  the  proymces  will  be  effectually  secured 
m  then-  allegiance,  having  then  the  same  in 
terests,  and  being  equally  opposed  to  the  same 
I  nv'tiiSa 

"Pressed    ft tT''^'"!'  ''"^°"Sh  nothing 
IS  expressed,  it  is  hoped  that  Kovernment  ha^ 

ecded  y  prohibited  the  Americans  from  ^ 

fel   .'"•r."''''^"'^nd  its  sale  in  our 
West  India  islands.    Unless  such  strong  me" 
Urcs   be   adopted,   the   provincial   mefcrnt 
who  has  already  embarked  extensiveTy  ?n  thfs 
rade   ,n    he  expectation  of  being  suUorted 
by  the  legislature,  will  be  entirely  ruined  ^d 
Ac  employ  revert  again   to  the  Americans 
mth  Its  numerous  train  of  benefits.  But  sTouM 
Ac  most  rigid  prohibitions  ensue    attemnt, 

r  .atnrwhh'^  n^,  ^"'^^  "-'^  '"  «"- 

telv^r„hr^  "'  '  '^^"^  "'"^t  be  immedi- 
Clved  a^  "V  "°  '-''"T  '^'"'*^^^'-  should  be 
C T      :  ^''P<="«"M  has  sufficiently  proved 

tostd'to  r'  °    ''^. "  °f  ''"'<=  ='vil,^vle„ 

tf  he  =i^"'T'"  '"dividual  interest.     If 

c  goes  be  allowed  to  arrive  from  the  United 

|State,,  and  to  be  sold  in  the  West  Indies  wfth 

I        in  nctimcnt,  Glengai-y'a  Itifl-  Corps,  Sit. 

K 


■i  rj 


% 


^ 


72 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


r 


imnunity,  it  will  be  in  vain  to  guard  the  banks 
of  Newfoundland  with  cruisers;  yet  if  the  banks 
be  not  guarded,  it  will  be  in  vain  to  look  out 
in  the  West  Indies. 

If  this  country  perceives  the  propriety  of 
retaining  her  natural  advantages,  and  employ, 
ing  her  resources,  she  must  not  merely  ex- 
elude  the  Americans  from  the  banks  of  New. 
foundkind,  but  by  ever}'  possible  means  en. 
courage  emigration ;  for,  without  an  increase 
of  inhabitants,  the  provinces  can  never  can)- 
the  fishery  to  an  extent  sufficiently  great  to 
ensure  that  permanent  advantage  to  the  nation, 
which  it  is  capable  of  producing 

Whatever  is  done  with  effect,  must  also  be 
done  quickly.  The  Americans,  perhaps  even 
now,  are  preparing  once  more  to  exercise 
what  they  have  strenuously  asserted  to  be  their  | 
rights  ;  but  should  they  be  again  permitted  to 
obtain  possession,  the  fishery  would  thereby 
become  once  more  a  bone  of  contention !  It 
is  therefore  better  to  put  it  completely  out  of 
their  power  again  to  mistake  our  favours  foj[ 
their  property. 

The  advantage  of  the  fisheries  has  been  in  a 
measure  already  experienced,  although  never 
yet  carried  to  half  their  possible  extent;  but 
it  is  impossible  to  calculate  on  the  probable  | 
benefits   that  might  be  derived  from  them. 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


73 


The  increasing  difficulties  of  the  times  in  which 
we  live,  make  it  necessary  to  exert  more  vi- 
gour and  greater  enterprise,  than  we  have 
hitherto  been  accustomed  to ;  for  there  seems 
no  other  method  of  retaining  our  national  pre- 
eminence. 


,  1 


'im'i 


i    .       ! 


li> 


t    \ 


M'i 


'M  I 


i 

'W\ 

i 


'1  ti 


CHAP.  XIII. 


ON  THE  LUMBER  TRADE. 


Mercantile  men  are  well  apprized  of 
the  vast  importance  to  this  country  of  the 
lumber  trade,  though  it  may  be  overlooked  by 
those  whose  engagements  do  not  connect  them 
with  it ;  but  by  referring  to  authentic  tables, 
the  author  hopes  to  place  the  importance  of 
this  subject  in  a  just  point  of  view. 

It  appears  that,  in  1807,  the  Canadas,  ex- 
ported oak,  pine  timber,  planks,  and  staves,  to 
the  amount  of  ;Cl34,344,  10^.  and  connected 
therewith,  pot  and  pearl  ashes  to  the  amount 
of  ^104,329,  15s.  Id,  while  Great  Britain 
imported  from  Russia,  in  the  year  1790 
1,193,125  planks,  85,647  boards,  and  1456 
masts.* 

These  facts  prove  the  high  importance  of 
this  branch  of  commerce  to  Great  Britain,  es. 

*  Tooke's  Life  of  the  Empress  Calliarine  II.  of  Russia, 


K    2 


i  '^  ill  \  ' 

I  "I- 1 


i'   i 


m 


'\! 


VI ; 


I 


^i        / 


'I 


76 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


pecially  considering  the  scarcity  of  wood  at 
home,    and    our    immense   consumption  for 
ships,  houses,  cooperages,  cabinet-work,  &c. 
Attenipts  should  therefore  be  made  to  retain 
in  this  empire  those  immense  sums,   which 
have  been  annually  expended  among  foreign, 
ers,  in  the  purchase  of  lumber ;  and  no  un. 
prejudiced  mind  can  dispute  the  propriety  of 
transferring  part,  at  least,  of  the  Baltic  trade 
to  our   own   provinces.     The   importance  of 
supplying  the  West  Indies  from  these  provin- 
ces,    and   rigorously   prohibiting  the   United 
States  from  any  participation  in  the  trade,  will 
be  enforced  ii.  the  course  of  the  chapter,  by 
plain,  but,  as  the  author  hopes,  sound  and  con. 
vincing  arguments. 

Is  it  reasonable  that  they  who  have  separated 
themselves  from  our  interests,  should  be  per- 
mitted to  enjoy  all  the  advantages,  and  sustain 
none  of  the  disadvantages,  which  are  the  per. 
tion  of  our  faithful  adherents  ?  and  when,  ai 
length,  our  true  policy  be  ascci'tained,  bt/  pain- 
ful  experience,  can  the  Americans  complain  if 
they  shall  be  deprived  altogether  of  these  privile- 
ges  ?  The  consequence  of  their  being  admitted 
into  tlie  West  India  market  was,  the  possession 
of  an  enormous  proportion  of  the  trade,  bv 
underselling  the  provincial  and  British  mer. 
chants. 

We  may  further  observe,  that  Bryan  Ed- 
wards  estimates  the  annual  demand  of  a  West 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


77 


India  plantation  of  s,x  hundred  acres,  in  staves 
ixnd  heading  for  casks  alone,  at  ;^150.  In  the 
jtarl791,  ,t  was  estimated,   that  in  Jamaica 

rate  0^150  each,  per  annum,  would  give  the 
Americans  ^119,400  annually,  in  this  branch 
of  trade  from  one  island.     Add  to  this,  the 
censumption  of  the  other  colonies,  the  con. 
slant  increase  of  cleared  estates,  and  the  new 
settlements  of  Berbice  and  Dcmerary,  and  U 
will  clearly  appear,  that  the  supplies  requisite 
tor  these,  and  other  descriptions  of  timber  are 
immense,  especially  when  it  is  recollected, 'that 
the  buildings  m  the  towns  and  plantations  arc 
chiefly  constructed  of  wood.— The  annual  de- 

''"'17^^!!^'?"^^"^''^^"'  to  the  restrictions, 
was  171,740  loads;  the  Americans,  through 

n  iT   J,  ^^  ''"'  government,  furnishing 
113,600,  while  our  provinces  had  only  the  op- 

lCf5  °^f"PP^yi"g  ^^bout  3496  loads  :  but, 
jin  1810,  while  the  restrictions  on  the  Ameri- 
can  commerce  continued,  the  exports  from 
Quebec  alone  amounted  to  160,932  loads 
proving  the  ability  of  the  colonies  to  supply 
^hc  most  unlimited  demand,  and  clearly  exhi- 

^l"li  1  T'^^'T  ^^«^d^«"tages  our  colonies 
formerly  laboured  under,  from  the  want  of  this 
mgle  branch  of  trade. 

furcd  the  wood  into  planks,  shingles,   scant- 
Midering  this  dimmution  of  their  labour  ne^ 


iF5! 


i^ 


1 1 


:j    *  ■ 


.'Jll  i  Ul 


'    (/.! 


I 

i: 

I' 


i.i 


h  I  ( 


^  I: 


if  '  r  .  :) 


I'iv 


!>/ 


i   \ 


78 


COLONXAL    POLICY 


cessary ;  thus  giving  to  the  Americans,  in  con. 
sequence  of  their  great  proportion  of  this  trade, 
immense  advantages,  inasmuch  as  it  furnished  j 
employment  to  numerous  saw-mills  and  shin. 
gle-makers,  and  improved  territory  otherwise  I 
of  no   value,    except  as    supplying   lumber! 
Thence  arose  in  the  stony,  sterile  regions  of] 
New  Hampshire,  flourishing  settlements,  and 
a  numerous  population.    At  Damoriscotti,  the  | 
author  saw,  upon  one  stream,  eight  saw-mills, 
in   the   short   space  of  a   quarter  of  a  mile,  I 
These  districts,  not  being  able  to  raise  within 
themselves  a   supply   of  food,    the   southern 
states  were  also  benefited,  by  furnishing  them 
with  flour,   and  other  necessaries :  this  occa- 
sioned   an   extensive   coasting   trade,   which, 
when  interrupted  by  our  cruisers,  during  thcl 
late  war,  was  conducted  on  land,  by  means  ofl 
waggons,  and  gave  rise  to  the  humorous  idea| 
of  a  ^*  horse  marine,^* 

Had  there  not  been  a  great  oversight  in  the! 
British  negotiators  of  1783,  New  Brunswickl 
should  have  extended  to  the  river  Kennebec,[ 
which  seems  the  natural  boundary,  and  would! 
Iiave  includced  several  fine  streams,  suitable  fori 
saw-mills;  or  early  encouragement  should  have| 
been  given  to  the  provinces  to  engage  in  the 
lumber  trade,  before  these  streams  became  thuj 
instrumental  in  repressing  the  growth  of  the! 
provinces :  but,  as  things  exist  at  present,  ia 
would  be  considered  a  disadvantage,  by  tha 
lumber  cutters  of  New  Brunswick,  were  tha 


■  ( 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


79 


leans,  in  con. 


country  between  Casrine  and  East-Port  pos- 
jscssed  by  Great  Britain ;  for  then  the  inhabi- 
jtants,  in  consequence  of  the  superior  facilities 
jthcy  possess,  would  have  quite  the  advantage 

lof  them  m  the  lumber  trade The  restoration 

lof  Moose  Island,  however,  should  be  resisted. 
lit  was  the  noted  resort,  during  the  late  war,  of 
hrivateer  pickaroons,  who  so  infested  the  Straits 
lof  Passamaquody  and  the  bay  of  Fundy,  that  a 
Ivessel  could  not  escape  them  ;  and,  in  case  of 
■hostilities,  might  again  prove  a  severe  check  to 
the  lumber  trade  of  St.  John's,  New  Brunswick ; 
lopcrating  as  an  enemy's  station  at  the  Nore! 
tald  on  the  trade  of  London ;  the  two  cases 
being  exactly  parallel.  It  is  therefore  confi. 
Bcntly  hoped  that  the  British  commissioners 
will  appreciate  its  importance,  if  it  come  under 
kir  cognizance ;  for  they  may  be  assured, 
Wiat  nothing  can  benefit  the  whole  province  of 
CJcw  Brunswick  so  much  as  the  possession  of 
Inis  Island. 


^ 


ml  ill 


m 


CHAP.  XIV. 


ON  THE  TRADE  IN  HORSES  AND  HORNED  CATTLE, 


(1 


;/ 


HIS  branch  of  commerce  has  been  a  fruit- 
ful source  of  wealth  to  the  United  States.  Ja- 
kaica  excepted,  all  the  islands  have  been  sup- 
bhed  with  a  large  portion  of  oxen  for  slaughter 
y  nearly  the  whole  of  their  horses  from  thence  | 
bd  as  the  custom  of  the&e  colonics  disposes 
tvery  person  to  ride  that  can  purchase  a  horse, 
Ihe  demand  in  this  article  is  prodigious ;  espc- 
bially  as  these  animals  are  affected  with  disease, 
In  consequence  of  the  climate,  and  great  num- 
bers die  in  the  seasoning.  Hence  cargoes  are 
biving  in  perpetual  succession,  being  scarce- 
ly able  to  supply  the  great  demand.  In  this 
trade  American  duplicity  and  fraud  w^^re  most 
Conspicuous,  for  they  engaged  in  it  always  in 
bonnection  with  a  system  of  imposition. 

But  while  the  West  India  islands  must  be 
kupphed  at  present  from  a  foreign  source,  it  is 
lertain  that,  in  a  short  period.  Nova  Scotia  and 
hm  Brunswick  would  be  able,  with  proper 
Itteution,  to  supply  the  most  extensive  demand. 


'■  /' 


%'W 


l!       I 


M 


Q^ 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


\k  \  - 


4  L    ? 
«  If   * 


f> 


The  horse  thrives  remarkably  well  in  each  of 
these  provinces,  particularly  the  latter,  which 
has  produced  some  fine  racers ;  attempts  have 
even  been  made  to  engage  in  the  West  Indian 
trade,  but  the  stock  on  hand  being  too  small  to 
admit  of  a  regular  supply,  the  projector's  expec. 
tations   were  in   some  measure  disappointed, 
Therefore,  as  the  total  prohibition  of  American 
supplies  would  be  highly  detrimental  to  the 
plantations,    they   should    be   admitted    only 
through  certain  channels,  such  as  the  Bermu 
das,  or  New  Brunswick,  and  in  certain  pro 
portions,  as  one  American  to  four  or  six  pro 
vincials  ;  or,  if  admitted  direct  from  the  Uii 
ted  States,  the  importation  should  be  limited  to 
one   hundred  head  for  each  island  annually, 
either  of  the  proposed  measures,  in  connection 
with  importatfons  from  the  Spanish  Main,  wouL 
prove  a  tolerable  supply,  till  our  colonies  should 
be  so  improved  as  to  render  them  no  longer 
necessary.     And  here  it  might  be  proper  to  re. 
mark,  that   an  abundant  supply  might  always 
be  procured  from  the   Spanish  Main,*  were 
not  the  quality  so  inferior,  and  ill  adapted  to 
a  country  where  beasts  of  strength  and  bottom 
are   required.     Hence,   though  they  are  pur- 
chased  from  £5  to  a  10  per  head,  yet  the  ex- 
pense  of  oats,  necessary  to  render  them  service. 

*  The   Sptinish  American  horses  are  remarkable  inl 
ohape  ;  their  fates  have  universally  a  curve  backwards, 
trom  a  htUe  below  the  eyes   to  the  nape  of  the  ncck;k 
their  tails  are  more  slender,  and  more  like  those  of  mulesj 
than  tiic  Kuropeun  and  North  An»erican  breed. 


©F    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


83 


able,  is  frequently  greater  than  that  of  a  good 
Ihorse,  unless  the  planter  send  them  to  his  es- 
Itatcs,  and  feed  them  with  corn  stalks,  cane  tops, 
|s«vcet  potatoes,  &c.  in  which  case,  in  addition 
lo  the  value  of  their  dung,  they  sometimes  pro- 
|ved  fine  cattle.     From  these  considerations  it 

vill  appear,  that  notwithstanding  the  Spanish 
torses  are  numerous  and  «»heap,  there  is  an  ab- 
jsolute  necessity  for  supplying  the  islands*  with 
|a  more  efficient  breed. 

His  royal  highness  the  duke  of  Kent,  when 
Igovernor  of  Nova  Scotia,  made  some  pyaise- 
jworthy  efforts  to  improve  the  breed  in  that  pro- 
jviiicc,  by  importing  stallions  ofiamous  pedi- 
jgree,  and  permitting  the  gentlemicn  and  far- 
Imersto  embrace  the  opportunity  of  crossing 
he  breed.  The  consequencdVwas,  that  car- 
^s  of  superior  horses  were  sent  to  the  West 
ndies,  and  with  a  little  perseverance  and  assis- 
ince  from  the  government,  a  good  trade  would 
ave  been  established.  The  author  would  still 
Suggest,  that  from  the  same  quarter,  in  addi- 
Rion  to  any  other  liberal  scheme  that  may  be 
Idcvised,  a  sufficient  number  of  prime  stallions 
be  sent  to  Halifax  and  St.  John's,  with  authori- 
Ky  to  the  respective  governors  to  permit  all  ap- 

» Jamaica  is  an  exception,  producing  a  fine  breed,  suf- 
ficient for  her  own  consumption,  and  could  well  supply 
|the  other  islands,  if  it  were  to  windward;  but  it  would 
more  time  to  beat  up  from  J.  naica  to  Barbadoes, 
to  to  sail  from  Halifax  to  the  same  place. 


84 


COtOlfrAL    POLICY 


!,  ' 


!    \ 


li 


yi  I 


plicants  gratuitously  to  partake  of  the  benefits,  i 
Added  to  this,  a  premium  often  guineas  should 
be  given  to  any  person  who  annually  reared 
three  coks  upon  lands  cleared  by  himself,  with. 
in  three  years  of  his  application  ;  thus  tending 
not  only  to  increase  the  breed  of  horses^  Q] 
the  cultivation  of  the  soil. 

Much  of  the  interior  of  the  country  is  more 
adapted  to  the  breed  of  horses  than  to  any  other 
use  whatever ;  for,  being  of  gentle  declivity, 
well  watered  with  streams  and  lakes,  and  for 
the  breed  of  these  animals  a  partial  clearance 
only  being  necessary,  the  stumps  of  trees  may 
be  left  standjr»3«  it  therefore  could  be  engaged 
in  very  ecortoimnally.  Hence,  were  grazien 
and  horse-breeders  to  settle  in>  the  provinces,! 
introducing,  a*  the  same  time,  bk-ood  marcs  and 
stallions,  with  trusty  servants,  &c.  they  would 
not  only  enrich  themselves,  but  most  essenj 
tially  promote  the  welfare  of  their  country. 

With  regard  to  oxen,  the  Windward  Is. 
Tands  are  not  so  much  in  want  of  them  as  thcyl 
are  of  horses,  having  a  breed,  of  which,  thougbl 
diminutive  and  lean,  the  flesh  is  usually  consi. 
dered  to  be  sweeter,  ar.dfto  possess  a  more  dclii 
cate  fibre,  than  that  of  the  American  cattleJ 
Hence  the  Creoles  never  use  the  latter,  if  theyf 
can  procure  the  former:*  and  the  proportion oi 

*  The  turtle  in  the  West  Indies  ran  be  procureilai| 
cheap. as  beef  and  is  greatly  preferred. 


Of    CSEAT    BBITAIN. 


85 


imported  oxen,  for  the  consumption  of  the  ia- 
habitants,  was  to  horses  nearly  as  two  to  six 
independent  of  the  supply  for  the  troops  and  na- 
vy, which  fluctuaUfd  according  to  the  num. 
ber  on  the  station,  and  was  usually  drawn  from 
the  States.  Jamaica  produces  fine  large  oxen. 
but  draws  in  common  with  the  Leeward  Islands 
considerable  supplies  from  Porto  Rico.  ' 

The  small  supply,  therefore,  which  is  neces- 
sary,  the  provinces  could  at  the  present  period 
abundantly  export,  if  some  regulations  by 
bounty  or  otherwise,  were  made  to  lower  the 
pwce  of  freight,  &c.  the  contractors  being  now 
able  to  procure  live  oxen  at  from  4d.  to  5d. 
!  per  pound,  with  allowance  for  offal.  In  addi. 
tion  to  which,  it  may  be  observed,  that  consi- 
derable  districts,  m  both  provinces,  are  pecu- 

'^^K^Y^^.  ^°    ^'^^^"^^   t^^e   Cumberland 
marshes  affording  most  luxuriant  pasturage,  and 
producing  the  finest  cattle,  as  well  as  Colches- 
ter  Cornwallis,  Horton,  Pictou, -Antigonishe. 
m  Nova  Scotia;  and  the  rivers  Pitecodia,  and 
St.  John's,  m  New  Brunswick,  whose  shores 
are  cultivated,  and  abound  with  cattle,  which 
might  be   encreased  to  an  indefinite  extent, 
with  such  resources  within  ourselves,  is  it  wise 
0  permit  an  mveterate  rival  again  to  increase 
hib  power  by  our  supmeness?  surely  not.  And 
enceforth  let  our  policy  be  decided:  let  us 
pour  an  efficient  strength  into  the  colonies  en- 
I  J  their  trade  in  s4le  articles  to  thTwes 
Indies,  and  connive  at  American  interference 


If  \\ 


C) 


i''J 


/  ^ 


i  J 


f 


I  ' 


86 


COLONIAL    POLICY,  ScC. 


(i 


no  longer  than  absolute  necessity  requires  ;  and 
at  the  same  time  employing  the  most  vigorous 
means  to  shorten  that  period :  for  when  our  is. 
lands  and  provinces,  linked  by  a  chain  of  mu- 
tual  dependence,  shall  reciprocate  the  advan. 
tages  arising  from  the  exclusion  of  aliens,  and 
furnish  an  immense  accession  of  strength  to 
the  empire  at  large,  we  shall  then  clearly  evince, 
that  the  stream  which  had  watered  and  nourish, 
ed  the  prosperity  of  the  United  States,  has 
again  reverted  to  its  legitimate  channel. 


a 


'M 


CHAP  VIII. 


ON  THE  FLOUa  TRADE. 


Good  efiecls  of  tlie  Com  Bill  anticipated.— The  Oanadas  and  Jfe\f 
Brunswick  fully  competent  to  supply   the    West  Indies  and 
Great  Britain.-..ReLtive  qualities  of  the  British,  Canadian,  and 
United  States  flour.-Causesof  the  apparent  difference  assigned 
with  hints  to  promote  the  trade. 


fcUROPE  has  been  desolated  by  bloody  and 
protracted  wars,  which  have  long  since  affected 
the  labours  of  the  agriculturist ;  and  this  coun- 
try, in  particular,  has  been  compelled  to  main- 
tain large  armies  and  numerous  fleets,  which 
)iave  equally  contributed  to  advance  the  price 
of  field  labour,  and  increase  the  demand  for 
flour;  thus  producing  an  artificial  scarcity; 
which   the   Americans   alone   could   remedy. 
Enjoying  the  repose  of  peace,  possessing  an 
extensive  and  fertile  country,  sufficiently  peopled 
for  the   purposes   of  agriculture,   they   have 
raised  corn  sufficient  for  the  purposes  of  an 
extensive  exportation  ;  and  alive  to  the  advan- 
tages which  the  circumstances  of  the  times 

L  2 


tiri 


88 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


r 


■li 


M    ! 


had  given  them,  of  extending  widely  a  lucra- 
tive  commerce,  both  the  general  and  particular 
governments  of  the  United  States  held  out  ihe 
most  flattering  encouragement  to  all  who  en- 
tered  their  territories,  by  assigning  them  lands 
for  cultivation,  or  employing  their  labour. 
Thus,  the  French  revolution  was  not  only 
attended  with  the  most  dreadful  consequences 
to  the  European  nations,  but  it  paved  the  way 
for  American  aggrandizement.  Multitudes 
escaping  from  tyranny,  oppression,  and  famine, 
in  Europe,  have  sought  an  asylum  on  the 
shores  of  America :  in  addition  to  which,  re- 
volutionary principles,  inculcated  by  insidious 
demagogues,  and  animated  by  French  exam- 
ple, had  intoxicated  a  large  portion  of  the 
British  poor.  Changes  in  the  mode  of  maiiu- 
factures,  by  the  introduction  of  machinery,  as 
well  as  in  the  system  of  farming  in  the  High, 
lands  of  Scotland,  with  discontents  in  Ireland, 
and  consequent  rebellion,  have  all  severally 
contributed  to  pour  considerable  numbers  of 
the  British  population  into  the  bosom  of  the 
United  States  ;  and,  swelled  by  these  tributary 
streams,  the  agriculture  and  commerce  of| 
America  rolled  her  confluent  strength,  like  a 
mighty  river,  inundating  Europe  ! 

The  United  States  erroneously  supposed, 
that  the  people  of  Europe,  and  particularly 
Great  Britain,  could  not  be  supported  inde- 
pendent of  their  supplies  of  flour,  and  de- 
spising the  supposed  incompetency  of  their  re- 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


89 


sources,  they  presumptuously  anticipated  our 
prostration   to    her    "rising   empire."      But 
hvhile  It  must  be  admitted  that  these  foreign 
supports  were  necessary  during  the  rage  of 
battle,   and  the  devastations   of  war,   yet   in 
times  of  peace  the  measure  is  most  impolitic 
and  absurd.     Hence  the  author  is  compelled 
to  express  his  warmest  approbation  of  the  late 
act  of  the  British  legislature,  restraining  the 
importation  of  com,  and  which,  in  his  humble 
opinion,  is  fraught  with  solid  advantages  to  the 
country,  though  he  does  not  inquire  how  far 
this  measure  may  be  abused  by  the  rich,  to  the 
detriment  of  the  poor.    His  views  are  directed 
to  the  consolidation  of  the  strength  of  the  em- 
pire, by  employing  its  resources,  which  con- 
sequence must  follow,  as  the  corn  bill  will 
check  the  overwhelming  torrent  resulting  from 
I  American  agriculture. 

In  this  country,  the  wants  of  an  overflowing 
population  preclude  the  possibility  of  corn  re- 
manung  on  hand.     The  grower  may  always 
ensure  a  market  with  ready  payments ;  and 
instead  of  soliciting  purchasers,  the  latter  are 
Imore  inclined  to  appiy  themselves  to  him  :  the 
consequence  is,  he  gradually  attains  to  affluent 
circumstances ;    and,   generally  speaking,  the 
Iwhole  body  of  agriculturisis  are,  as  they  should 
I  e,  opulent.     On  the  contrary,  the  American 
llarmers,  comprehending  them  in  the  same  gene- 
N  view,  are  poor.     Raised  but  little  above  a 
state  ot  indigence,  they  are  nevertheless  free- 


I 


m 


1$ 


i\ 


%t 


\  \ 


'J 


90 


COLONIAL    FOLICV 


1  / 


hdders,  and  can,  with  due  attention,  procm^l 
ample  subsistence  for  dieir  families,  but  that  i$| 
all.     Indeed,  money  is  of  little  use  to  pcrsonsl 
who  reside  in  woods,  manufacture  their  q\A 
apparel,  and  live  on  the  produce  of  their  farmsj 
Tlie  proportion  of  such  cultivators  as  these 
very  great ;  and  the  bulk  of  settlers  have  notl 
so  much  in  view  to  enrich  themselves,  astol 
barely  raised  above  a  state  ©f  dependence.  Id 
deed,  were  any  so  inclined,  unless  great  exj 
portations  were  going  on,  it  would  be  useless! 
since  the  collective  amount  of  the  small  surf 
plus  of  each  farmer,  without  any  extra  arrange] 
ment,  would  be  more  than  adequate  to  tli 
home  consumption.     They  therefore  quiet 
repose  on  their  own  freeholds,  feeling  no  wautj 
acquiring  little  money,  strengthening  and  feed] 
ing  the  nation,  but  not  enriching  it. — Distinci 
from  these  are  the  planters  of  Virginia,  Maiy] 
land,  and  others,  who  employ  negro  labourl 
and  embark  large  capitals.     The  southern  clij 
mate,  like  that  of  the  West  Indies,  dispos 
the  white  population  to  habits  of  indolence] 
which,  with  the  burdensome  expense  of  main! 
taining  negroes,  and  other  circumstances,  keep] 
them  in  a  state  of  dependence  on  the  mer| 
chant.     When  his  staple  commodities  find 
ready  sale,  he  indulges  in  every  species  p| 
extravagance ;  but  should  the  foreign  markej 
be  closed,  he  immediately  ceases  to  raise  artij 
cles  for  exportation,  or  they  perish  on  his  hands! 
while  such  is  his  depression,  that  he  can  scarceli 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


n 


obtain  credit  of  the  merchant  for  his  negro 

I  clothing. 

From  the  premises  now  laid  down,  it  is  evi- 
dent that  commerce  is  more  essential  to  the 
American,   than   to  the  British  agriculturist, 
linasmuch   as   it   stimulates    him   to   produce 
greater  crops  than  he  otherwise  could  do ;  in- 
jtroduces  specie,  not  procurable  through  any 
jother  medium,  procures  foreign  luxuries,  gives 
Ian  impettis  to  the  whole  country,  converting 
Ithe  woods  into  productive  fields,  and  populous 
towns.     But,  let  the  flour  trade  to  this  coun- 
Itiy,  and  her  dependencies  cease,  the  political 
growth  of  the   United  States  would  be  re- 
jprcssed ;  and  in  consequence  of  this  diminished 
lexportation,  emigration  from  them,  would  to 
a  large  extent -immediately  ensue.— It  is  in 
Ithis  view  of  the  subject,  that  the  author  ad- 
Imires  the  political  sagacity,    evinced  by  the 
Iframers  of  the  corn  bill ;  and  is  led  to  hope 
jthat  other   measures,   equally   wise,   will   be 
ladopted  according  to  the  circumstances  of  the 
Itimes,    But  while  this  bill  upholds  the  agri- 
Iculture  of  the  mother  country,  it  is  hoped  it 
jmay  be  so  modified,  as  not  to  check  the  colo- 
jnies.     This  country  may  raise  sufficient  com, 
jin  favourable  seasons,  to  enable  us  to  export 
Iconsiderablc  quantities  of  her  native  growth; 
but,  in  peculiar  exigencies,  this  may  not  only 
Ibe  impossible,  but  she  may  unhappily  experi- 
lence  an  actual  scarcity.   It  is  therefore  prudent 


u  A 


mi] 


I  ifiife  .(■ 


I  -'  I 


;' 


'/' 


.^^*''' 


ill-t'-^ 


02 


csxLonnAh  n>Licr 


\  * 


!   if> 


i        W 


V 


t  I 


l'\ 


to  provide  a  granary, from  whence  regular  sup. 
plies  might  be  procured,  in  order  to  prevent 
the  possibility  of  such  an  evil ;  and  where  can 
4ihis  be  so  well  ireposed,  as  in  tiie  Canadas,! 
-Nova  Scotia,  and  New  Brunswick  ?  Although 
.these  provinces  contain  some  tracts  of  stonyl 
iand,  unfit  for  the  purposes  of  agriculture,  yctl 
44iey  possess  vast  districts,  naturally  more  ferJ 
tile  than  any  east  of  Connecticut;  and  not  sol 
exhausted  as  tlic  sandy  soil  of  the  middle  i 
•Bouthem  states.  It  is  a  fact  not  generally  kno\, 
^that  the  land  in  the  middle  states  has  lost  tL 
peculiar  fertility  which  its  first  settlers  enjoyeL 
so  that  at  present,  without  the  aid  of  gypsum] 
or  plaster  of  Paris,  it  will  mot  yield  an  averac 
crop.    This  latter  is  found  in  quarries,  in  largu 
hard  masses  resembling  stone,  of  a  dirty  grey] 
ish  colour,  and  friable  texture.     It  is  grour 
mto  powder,  and  very  sparingly  applied.    Tt 
great  advantage  of  this  admirable  manure,  iJ 
its  imbibing  and  retaining  moisture  and  cool] 
ness ;  and  where  it  is  used,  the  crop  is  gener] 
ally  abundant.     Tins   plaster   abisrunds  in  th 
neighbourhood  of  Windsor,  in  Nova  >icotia 
which  place  derived  considerable  wealth  fron 
its  exportation  ;  and  such  was  the  constant  and 
increasing  demand,  that  a  considerable  numbd 
ol  coasters  were  employed  in  this  trade  pre] 
vious  to  the  late  war,  when  it  was  exported  a| 
ten  shiHings  per  ton;  but  when,  by  that  eventf 
the  suppiy  was  cut  off,  it  found  purchasers  ifl 
Pluladelphia,  at  thirty-six  dottars  per  tonl 


OP   CHXAT    BtSTAUf. 


93 


Ipving  most  decidedly  the  diminished  fertility 
Mthe  soil  in  the  United  States* 

Lower  Canada,   although  long  used  to  a 
iiost  mjurious  system  of  agriculture,  is  not 
Wany  means  in  so  exhausted  a  state  as  the 
fetricts  above  referred  to ;  besides  that,  it  has 
iincst  renovating-  resource  in  t?he  lime  which 
t  produces,  while  the  Upper  province  is  not 
^only  unexhausted,  but  very  fertile,  and  admi- 
nib     suited  to  the  growth  of  any  species  of 
am;  it  being  difficult  to  find  better  crops. 
In  any  country,  than  those  reaped  in  the  vici. 
liity  of  Montreal  and  Quebec.   In  New  Bruns- 
jwick,  excepting  tl^  sea  coast,  which  is  rocky, 
Ithesoil  IS  generally  of  a  very  favourable  de- 
Iscription.     Abundant  crops  are  obtained,  by 
jthcfomers  of  the  banks  of  the  rivers  St.  John 
land  Peticodiac,  where  the  greatest  number  o<^ 
Iclearances  are  effected.   And  was  this  province 
Ibut  cleared,  cultivated,  and  well  peopled,  its 
Isupphes  would  be  more  than  adequate  to  out 
Idemands.     In  Nova  Scotia,  the  most  sterile  of 
Ithe  four  provinces,,  the  author  once  saw  the 
llnest  crop  of  winter  rjre  he  ever  witnessed  •  it 
Iwas  on  a  new  piece  of  hard  wood  upland.     In 
Ithese  colcmies,  vegetation  is  so  rapid,  that  the 
crops  sown  three  weeks  later  than  in  Scotland, 
l^e  reaped  from  three  to  five  weeks  sooner.  In 
Ithe  year  1802,  Canada  alone  exported  100  000 
Ibushels  of  wheat,  38,000  barrels  ot  flour,  and 
32,000  casks  of  biscuit ;  but,  in  1810,  the  ex- 


I  .  «i 


Vj 


9^ 


eOLONIAL    POLICY 


/! 


ports  from  the  same  source,   were  170,000 
bushels   of  wheat,    12,519   barrels   of  flour 
16,467  quintals  of  biscuit,   18,928  bushels  of 
pease,  866  bushels  of  oats,  16  bushels  of  barley  f 
1,600  bushels  of  malt,   98  bushels  of  Indian 
com;  and  although  it  is  certain  that  a  small 
proportion  of  these  articles,  were  not  bonafdel 
the  growth  of  Canada,  yet  the  major  part  unJ 
doubtedly  was;  and  if  the  provinces  under 
every  disadvantage,  could  export  to  such  an 
amount,  of  what  extension  is  their  trade  not 
capable,  when  culture  shall  be  more  general, 
and  labourers  more  numerous  ? 

Here  it  will  be  proper  to  remark,  that  a  great 
superiority  is  observable  in  the  American  flour, 
oyer  the  British  and  Canadian;  but  this  is  prin- 
cipally,  if  not  entirely,  to  be  attributed  to  the  | 
superior  care  with  which  it  is  manufactured.! 
In  Britain,  that  is  considered  fine  flour,  which 
undergoes  at  most  three  or  four  boltings ;  and 
in  Canada,   its  manufacture  cannot  be  more 
perfect.   But  at  Baltimore,  there  are  merchants 
who  embark  very  large  capitals  in  this  branch 
of  trade ;  and  having  mills  of  prodigious  ex- 
tent,  with  superior  apparatus  to  those  of  the 
British  miller,  the  flour  is  bolted  eight  or  nine| 
times,  passing  through  several  lofts  in  its  pro- 
gress,  till  it  is  shot  into  the  barrels  in  which  it  I 
is  exported.     And  were  the  provinces  certain 
of  a  constant  market,  though  only  to  the  West 
Indies,  they  would  soon  adopt  the  improve- 


f    i 


fe. 


w^ 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


95 


Lents  of  their  southern  neighbours  in  their 
jinode  of  manufacture,  and  produce,  instead  of 
jtlie  present  deteriorated  article,  flour  of  very 
Lperior  quality  ;  which  must  prove  an  effec- 
lual  check,  not  only  on  open  rivalship,  but  on 
lillicit  importations  from  the  States  into  the 
[^unadas. 

From  what  has  been  said,  the  necessity  of 
|livcrting  the  flour  trade  trom  the  United  States 
to  our  colonies,  it  is  hoped,   will  be  apparent. 
But  should  it  be  opposed  by  a  too  favourable 
tgard  for  the  Americans,   or  the   dictates  of 
kirudcnce  and  cold   cupidity,  let  the  opposers 
Meet, — that  by  depriving  them  of  this  lucra- 
pve  trade,  we  only  act  upon  their  own  mea- 
sures.   Immediately  on  the  declaration  of  war 
legislative   acts   of   Congress    were    adopted' 
vhose  sole  tendency  was  the  depression  of  our 
nanufactures,  by  levying  heavy  duties  on  the 
Importation  of  British  merchandise ;  and  which 
*'ere  intended  to  continue  when  peace  should 
)e  restored :  in  fact,  they  are  now  in  force, 
^gain,  let  the  nature  of  the  American  farmer's 
jiituation  be  considered,  and  it  will  appear,  that 
Instead  of  reducing  him  to  want  and  misery, 
It  would  only  confine  his  views,  and  render  his 
condition  less  precarious.*     Humanity,  thece- 


•It  is  by  no  means  unusual  for  corn  to  be  brought 

bm  Utica  to  New  York,  a  distance  of  279  miles,  or 

torn  Pittsburgh,  on  the  Alleghany  river,  to  New  Or- 

M 


[  I 


,  i'lii 


I' 


,    I 


96 


COLONIAL    POLlCf 


*    t 


H 


m  >m 


w 


fore,  would  not  suffer  by  our  exercising  tU 
rights  of  an  independent  nation,  in  the  preJ 
vention  of  a  commerce,  which  ought  to  Ix 
solely  the  privilege  of  our  own  citizens.  But 
finally,  if  the  prohibition  of  this  trade  be  sup. 
posed  to  impoverish,  and  consequently  disable] 
the  Americans  from  importing  our  manufacj 
tures,  let  it  be  observed,  that  they  are  emoloy] 
jng  every  energy  to  render  themselves  com] 
pletely  independent  in  this  respect ;  and  thej 
will  owe  their  success  in  this  attempt  materialli 
to  our  connivance  at  their  engagmg  in  thost 
species  of  trade,  which  tend  to  make  us  del 
pendent  on  them,  instead  of  exerting  our  oW 
energies ;  measures  which  tend  to  depress  od 
northern,  and  impoverish  our  West  India  co] 
lonies,  and  thus  elevating  their  national  repui 
tJitionat  the  price  of  our  own,  and  hurrying  oij 
the  period  which  they  anticipate,  when  Britis 
manufactures  and  commerce  shall  bow  mt 
submission  to  those  of  the  States. 

The  subject  just  touched  upon  deserves  pei 
ciiliar  attention.  That  the  intercourse  oftlJ 
Americans  with  the  West  Indies  is  most  inju] 

leans,  a  track  of  1595  computed  miles;  when,  afteJ 
this  loss  of  money,  labour,  and  time,  the  farmer  mil 
find  a  dull  sale,  and  after  performing  these  immensa 
journeys  to  sell  his  staples,  and  purchase  in  return 
superfluous  luxuries  of  foreign  growth  for  his  familj] 
and  friends,  he  may  after  all  incur  great  loss  by  \l 
adventure. 


or  GREAT    BRITAIN. 


^7 


rious  to  the  latter,  will  appear  when  it  is  con- 
sidered, that  by  the  existing  commercial  regu- 
lations of  this  country,  the  United-States  mer- 
chant re-eives  his  principal  returns  in  cash;  and 
also  that  various  expedients  have  Ictn  resorted 
Ito,  m  order  to  keep  a  sufficiency  of  currency  in 
the  colonies;  but   notwithstanding   the   most 
vigilant  exertions  of  the  colonial  governments, 
and  their  reduction  of  the  real,  while  retaining 
the  nominal,  value  of  the  dollars,  or  the  coinage 
of  base  silver,  the  Americans  have  so  far  suc- 
ceeded in  draining  the  islands  of  their  cash, 
jthat  the  Author  has  known  so  serious  a  dimi- 
jnution  of  the  circulating  medium,  as  greatly  to 
jaffectthe  internal  comfort  of  th^  inhabitants. 
put,  with  what  ease  might  these  evils  be  di. 
Iminished,  if,  instead  of  conniving  at  an  illicit 
jcommerce,  a  union  of  interests  were  formed 
between  tne  West  India  planter  and  provincial 
jmerchdnt,  introducing  a  regular  course  of  ex- 
hhange,  and  substituting  the  darter  of  their  re- 
spective staples,  for  the  present  mode  of  cash 
payment!    By  these  means  a  permanency  of 
supply  might  be  secured,  not  exposed  to  those 
jsudden  mterruptions  incident  to  the  present 
Isyslem,  where  the  caprice,  resentment,  precau- 
tionary regulations,  or  actual  hostility  of  the 
Ipovver  producing  it,  may  overwhelm  the  islands 
with  famine  and  misery.     This  distress  can 
hardly  be  appreciated  but  by  those  who  have 
resided  in  the  West  Indies;  for  though  flour 
IS  certainly  an  article  of  luxury,  and  could  be 


i 


:  I 


'\: 


^;i- 


1^:  *-l 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


E*i  . 


iH.i 


excluded  altogether,  yet  an  instantaneous  stop  I 
to  the  accustomed  importation  would  produce 
the  effects  above  described.  In  confirmation 
of  this  opinion,  the  Author  will  show  the  mode  i 
in  which  the  inlands  are  affected,  both  by  an  I 
influx  and  a  scarcity  of  flour. 

Whenever  the  market  for  colonial  produce 
is  good,  the  planter  directs  his  whole  strength 
of  negro  labour,   and  his  disposable  land,  to 
the  growth  of  staple  commodities,  depending! 
on  a  foreign  supply  of  what  is  denominated! 
"  bread  kind."     Hence  it  has  frequently  o: 
curred,  that  a  plantation  of  400  acres  was  sol 
entirely  covered  with  crops  of  canes,  in  their 
various  stages,  as  not  to  leave  spare  land  sufJ 
ficient  to  raise  food  even  for  the  negroes,  wlioj 
were  consequently  ftd   with  a  foreign  article, 
which,  although   expensive  in  comparison  to 
the  native  provisions,  was  found  by  the  planterl 
less  expensive,  than  a  waste  of  land  employedl 
in  the  cultivation  of  the  latter.     When  the  tradel 
of  an  island   was  thus  flourishing,   the  whitel 
population  entirely,  and  the  negroes  partially] 
abandoned  the  use  of  the  various  excellent  bub-l 
stitutcs  for  whe.tten  bread,  such  as  yams,  sweetl 
potatoes,  Guinea  corn,  Indian  corn,    eddoesj 
cocoas,  plantains,  &c.  congenial  to  the  taste  oi| 
the  natives,  and  indigenous  to  the  climate.  This 
was  attended  with  no  inconvenience,  so  long 
as  the  Americans  continued  to  visit  the  West 
Indies ;  but  when  their  trade  was  interrupted, 


■»• 


Of    CRKAT    BRITAIK. 


99 


serious  consequences  would  ensue :  the  whites 
would  natiiraUy  take  care  of  themselves  in  the 
distribution  of  the  stock  on  hand ;  and  when 
that  Was  consumed,  would  intrench  on  the  pro- 
visions necessary  for  the  subsistence  of  the 
poor  negroes;  the  lamentable  effects  of  which, 
as  experienced  in  the  island  of  Jamaica,  Bryan 
Edwards  has  described  at  large.    He  observes, 
ihat  in  consequence  of  severe  hurricanes,  which 
aiictcd  the  island  between  the  years  1780  and 
1786,  the  plantain  walks  were  desolated,  and 
famine  ensued ;  the  ground  provisions  being 
destroyed  by  the  intense  drought  which  follow- 
led.    During  this  period  of  distress,  the  im- 
portation of  provisions  was  only  in  a  limAted 
manner  occasionally  permitted.    From  the  31st 
January,    1785,  the  ports  continued  shut  to 
American  commerce,  and  the  distress  of  the 
I  negroes  became  extreme  ;  "  that  at  length  the 
provisions  being  quite  exhausted,  dropsies,  and 
epidemic   dysenteries,    carried    oft'   immense 
hiumber^;  for,  in  seven  years,  no  less  than  1500 
negroes  thus  miserably   perished. "     Similar 
effects,  m  an  inferior  degree,  have  been  expe- 
rienced by  various   islands,  during  the  long 
continued  restrictions,  and  embargoes  on  Ame- 
rican commerce,  though  not  amounting  to  ac- 
tual  starvation,  yet  producing  extreme  distress 
to  the  inhabitants,  particularly   in  the  towns. 
But  as  maay  evils  work  their  own  cure,  so  it 
has  happened  in  this  instance.     The  necessity 
i  «'hich  compelled  the  reluctant  planter  to  con- 

m2 


I 


100 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


Vi  > 


u 


vert  part  of  his  estate,  which  before  had  been 
destined  exclusively  to  the  produciion  of  staple 
articles,   into  provision  grounds,   has  proved  I 
beyond  all  doubt,  the  capability  of  the  islandsl 
to  support  themselves,  when  duly  apprized  of 
an  approaching  check  to  importation. 

It  is  therefore  ascertained  that  the  welfare  of, 
the  islands  does  not  depend  on  their  connexion! 
with  the  United  States,  as  has  been  exuitingjyl 
asserted  by  the  Americans,  and  believed  byl 
their  credulous  partisans  in  Britain ;  and  hencel 
it  may  be  inferred,  that  since  the  experiment! 
of  deriving  a  supply  from  the  provinces,  would 
not  distress  the  islands,  if  warned  in  due  timt 
to  prepare  for  the  measure,  it  is  worth  the  irialJ 
as  its  result  would  be  a  permanent,  instead  of  i 
precarious  supply. 

These  sentiments,  I  am  aware,  will  be  oppose. 
by  many  whose  interests  they  would  eventuallj 
serve.  In  the  West  Indies,  particularly  Jamaica 
a  powerful  predilection  exists  in  favour  ofi, 
more  open  intercourse  with  America,  than  haS 
ever  taken  place  ;  and  many  persons  are  sordid 
enough,  for  the  sake  of  amassing  wealth,  to  stakJ 
the  \^  elfiire  of  posterity  ;  but  the  good  sense  d 
the  better  disposed,  both  at  home  and  abroad 
will  teach  them  the  necessity  of  concurring  witfl 
the  mother  country,  from  a  sense  of  mutual  dan] 
ger,  in  measures  ot  mutual  securit}% 

Let  us  then,  in  justice  to  ourselves,  freely  and 


fully  re 
adaptin 
sitiiutio 
by  suf!l 
prey  or 
but  witl 
we  shal 
intempe 
ourselvc 
losing  (1 
deur,  w 


* -v 


Of    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


¥. 


101 


'ore  had  been 
;iion  of  staple 
has  proved,! 
of  the  islands! 
K  apprized  of 
ion. 

the  welfare  o( 
sir  connexion! 
en  exultingjyl 

believed  byl 
m;  andhencej 
:  experiment! 
/inces,  woulc 

in  due  time 
orth  the  trialj 
t,  instead  of  s 


fully  revise  pur  colonial  and  trading  systems ; 
adapting  our  measures  to  the  novel  and  alarming 
jitiiution  in  which  the  nation  has  been  placed. 
by  suttering  American  avarice  and  ambition  to 
prey  on  our  resources,  not  only  with  impunity, 
but  with  indulgence;  if  this  be  done  eifectually, 
we  shall  not  oppress  that  people,  but  check  their 
intemperate  sallies,  correct  their  pride,  secure 
ourselves  from  insidious  attacks,  and,  instead  of 
losing  our  national  strength,  riches,  and  gran- 
I  deur,  we  shall  greatly  augment  them. 


I 


ill  be  oppose 
lid  eventuallj 
larly  Jamaica 

favour  of 
ica .  than  has 
ns  are  sordid 
ealth,  to  stakj 
'ood  sense 

and  abroadj 
icurring  wit 
r  mutual  dan-l 


^ 


'11 


U 


Ti.tal, 


**«!»    • 


CHAP.  XVI. 


»N  THE  ASSORTED  CARGOES  IMPORTED  INTO  THE 
WEST  INDIES  FROM  THE  UNITED  STATES,  THEIR  CON. 
VENJENCE,  ANDTHE  CAPABILITY  OF  THE  PROVINCES 
TO  SUPPLY  THE  SAME  ARTICLES,  AND  OF  SUPERIOR 
QUiiLlTY. 

Among  the  various  means  by  which  the 
eitizens  of  the  United  States  *  enriched  theni- 

»  That  this  is  the  real  tendency  of  the  American 
trade  with  the  islands,  will  appear  from  the  followinR 
statement  of  vessels  and  cargoes  that  cleared  out  for 
the  Status  frum  the  undermentioned  islands,  between 


Iilandi. 

No.  ofvet* 
•ell   elear> 
ed  out. 

Carqoes.                            1 

Sugar  cwt». 

Kum  Galli. 

MoUitei  Galli. 

St.  Kitts, 

21 

386 

I67,74\j 

Antigua, 

n 

6779 

375,150 

1700 

Montserrat  and 
Nevis, 

20 

1895 
91 

122,710 

• 

Viivin  Islands, 
Total, 

13,9U0 
679,500 

1700        1 

115 

9151 

I    .  J 


.i  1 

4^' 


) 

if 

I' 

m  ^ 

1 

M 

ii'i 

104 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


■f 


selves  at  the  expense  of  our  West  India  islands 

that  of  assorted  cargoes,  composed  of  what  the 

Americans  denominated  "  Notions*^  were  con- 

spicuous.    These  consisted  of  a  variety  of  mis^ 

cellaneous   articles;   a  proportion  of  lumber 

with  green  or  ill-curcd  fish,   formed  the  bulk;' 

the  rest  comprised,  in  general,  potatoes,  flour| 

oats,  beans,   pease,   biscuits,  crackers,  cheese' 

hams,  butter,  tongues,  salt-beef,  pork,  poultry,' 

€?gs,  apples,  jams,  soused  and  smoked  fish,' 

with  other  articles   too  numerous  for  detail! 

The  inhabitants  of  the  islands  certainly  expe. 

rienced  great  conveniences  from  these  impor. 

tations;  and  although  many  of  the  articles  were 

contraband,  yet  a  general  disposition  prevailed 

among  the   islands,  and  was  seconded  by  the 

officers  of  the   customs,  to   connive  at  these 

transactions ;  and  with  such  impunity  was  this 

system  carried  on,  that  the  Author  once  heard 

an  officer,  who  held  a  high  situation  in  the  Cus. 

toms  of  a  certain  island,  openly  declare,  that  he 

made ^500  annually  by  American  presents, 

for  his  connivance;  and  he  justified  himself 

both  by  the  expediency  and  prevalence  of  the 

measure. 


\  I 


5th  January,  1787,  and  5th  January,  1788  Now  the 
nunaber  of  American  vessels  that  entered  these  islands, 
during  the  same  period,  with  contraband  goods,  under 
the  connivance  of  the  Customs,  must  have  been  at 
least  four  times  more  than  the  above  clearances  j  and  , 
on  the  most  moderate  computation,  the  proportion  of 
ready  cash  paid  for  them,  must  have  been  at  least  ten 
to  one  against  the  produce  taken  in  payment. 


,.,--*t^.Ss* 


OF    6IIAT    BRITAIN. 


135 


It  cannot  then  be  matter  of  surprise   that 
Aese  innovators  should  be  esteemid^y^* 
Creoles  as  their  benefactors,  or  that  the  habh 
of  supplying  the  islands  with  such  multTfarious 
articles  so  highly  necessary  to  the  West  iS 
and  conducive  to  the  luxuries  of  life.  sS 
engjender,  ,n  the  mind^  of  the  Americans   a 
high  depe  of  contempt  for  the  British  i 
Lhom  they  charged  with  holding  possesSf 
countries  which  they  were  unabllto  feed"°him 
.hich  nothing  could  be  more  unfounded  ;fo? 
t  ough  in  time  of  war,  the  mother  cou„^ 
Une  might  be  unable,  yet  we  shall  prove!  tS 
m connexion  with  her  North  Americ^'pro 
mces,  she  can,   not  only  introduce Tm^ 
ibundant  supply,  butevenlthat  orve^supTrf!! 
falily,  and  that  these  p«.vinces  T^'^wa^t 
stable  encouragement  to  bear  down  aU  Ame 
|ncan  competition.  •»"  <iuAme. 

■  J'^t  ^^PPos'tion  must  at  first  sieht  anneaF 

Aould  fail  to  supply  the  ordinary  productions 
fcommon  to  all  cold  climates ;  and  it  w"S 

lore  strikingly  appear  so,  from  the  foTlowta^ 
^stance  :_During  the   late   war,   hSI 

tf  S  "' 'r  ^'*'"^  of  the  four  Jro^ 
places,  in  an  agricultural  point  of  view  ^excent 
("peculiar  districts),  was  the  princTpVS 

B  it  wiL'ir'  '"'*  ""^^^  ^°"=«.  which  vfs?" 
Ce  Ae  vicZ^r''""''  "^"g-ments  to  i„. 
jrease  the  victuallmg  means  of  the  province 
pe  town  was  also  swelled  by  a  pro^l^^ 


H 


H 


n 


^•. 


!        i 


106 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


i)    : 


i  a 


concourse  of  strangers;  and  seven  or  eight 
hundred  negrots,  lured  by  the  prospect ol  gain, 
landed  by  the  fleets  i'rom  the  Delaware  and 
Chesapeake,  who  proved  to  be  a  useless  body 
of  eaters,  whose  labours  could  not,  for  a  con- 
siderable  period,  contribute  to  augment  the 
stock  of  provisions.  Yet,  notwithstanding  these 
extensive  demands,  which  found  the  farmers 
quite  unprepared — notwithstanding  an  unusual 
extension  of  the  Labrador  fishery  having  tsktn 
place,  and  several  privateers  having  been  man- 
ned,  with  the  recruiting  ol  the  Glengary  rifle 
corps,  raised  in  the  province,  which  then  took 
place,  and  which,  with  various  other  causes, 
had  concurred  to  deprive  them  of  a  very  great 
proportion  of  their  labourers — the  appeal  may 
be  made  to  all,  whether  naval,  military,  or  com- 
mercial  characters,  not  excepting  even  resident 
Americans,  who  can  form  an  estimate,  if  there 
was  any  appearance  of  scarcity.  So  far  from 
that  being  the  case,  there  was  a  profusion  of  I 
al.  the  necessaries  ol  life,  and  the  prices  only 
such  as  all  markets  will  obtain,  when  there  ex- 
ists  a  great  demand  and  brisk  sales,  Neces- 
saries  exceeded  but  little  the  usual  price  ;  while  I 
articles  of  luxury,  such  as  butter,  eggs,  and 
cheese,  were  more  advanced,  from  the  very  ob-  f 
vious  reason  of  the  impossibility  of  keeping 
the  market  supplied  with  more  than  its  usual 
limited  demand.  The  great  influx,  and  par- 
ticularly of  naval  customers,  would  therefore 
ma  ;  s  in  these  articles,  this  difference  of  price. 


i  f 


■$!* 


OF   GREAT   BRITAIN. 


107 


Now,  if  an  infant  settlement,  thinly  peopled, 
and  but  partially  cleared,  could,  when  unprepa- 
red,  issue  such  immense  supplies — what  could 
knot  do  in  ordinary  timts,  if  better  cultivated 
and  peopled?  and  as  this  is  the  lowest  of  the 
four  provinces  in  the  scale  of  agricultural  rank, 
Uhut  might  not  New  Brunswick,  and  the  Upper 
and  Lower  Canadas  supply,  which  are  larger, 
and  in  every  respect  more  eligible?  The  capa- 
bility,  therefore,  of  the  northern  colonies  to  pro. 
duce  these  assorted  cargoes,  in  point  of  quantity, 
must  be  undisputed:   the  quality  of  these  arti- 
cles is  consequently  the  only  point  that  demands 
attention.   Now,  with  respect  to  lumber,  it  may 
be  observed,  that  the  author  once  conversed 
with  an  intelligent  wood- merchant  at   Wiscas- 
set,  who  declared  the  lumber  of  that  place  to  be 
superior  to  that  of  Kennebunk  and  Saca;  and 
that,  advancing  up  the  bay  of  Fundy  towards 
Penobscot,  it  sensibly  improved,  being  still  bet- 
ter in  New  Brunswick.     And  with  regard  to 
cod  fish,  there  is  no  comparison  between  that 
taken  in  Boston  Bay,  and  that  from  Cape  Sable 
in  Nova  Scotia,  though  both  are  inferior  to  that 
from  the  Banks  of  Newfoundland.     Of  other 
descriptions  of  fish,  esteemed  as  luxuries  in  the 
west  Indies,  salmon  is  more  abundant  in  the 
provinces,  and  its  quality  much  superior,  the 
numerous  saw- mills  having  extirpated  this  fish 
from  a  great  proportion  of  the  American  wa- 
ters ;  and  though  a  smoked  salmon  of  twelve 
pounds  weight,  may  be  purchased  in  St.  John's 
lor  two  shillings  and  sixpence,   yet  either  in 

N 


h 


108 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


Boston  or  Portland,  it  would  command  twelve 
shillings.     Shad,  mackarel,  gaspriens,  and  her. 
nngs,  are  very  superior,  and  most  abundant  in 
the  streams  and  shores,  from  Cape  Sable  tola, 
brador ;  the  latter  fish,  which  frequents  almost 
exclusively  the  shores  of  the  provinces,  bebg 
not  only  scarce,  but  also  of  a  very  inferior  quali. 
ty,  south  of  the  Straits  of  Passamaquoddy.  The 
eels  and  lobstcirs  may  be  compared  with  any  in 
the  world ;  and  those  prepared  by  a  lady  of  Ha. 
lifax,  who  exports  vast  quantities,  greatly  ex.  | 
eel.     The   apples  of  Canada  greatly  surpass! 
those  uf  the  Sfeites,  not  only  in  flavour,  but  du- 
rability, by  which  they  are  rendered  more  suit. 
id  to  a  West  India  voyage  than  those  of  Ame- 
rica, which  become  mealy,  while  Quebec  ap. 
pies  will  keep  well  in  a  warm  climate.    Various  | 
other  articles,  the  produce  of  the  provinces, 
mi^^/t  be  enumerated,  as  being  superior  to  those 
from  the  United  States,  but  we  must  conclude  i 
this  statement  by  the  mention  of  cyder,  which 
is  produced  of  an  excellent  quality  in  tach  of 
tlte  ptovinces ;  that  from  Comwallis,  and  Horton 
in  Nova  Scotia,  being  equal  in  every  respect  to 
the  manufacture  of  Hertfordshire,  in  our  own 
cbUntry.     Thus,  then,  encouragement  only  is 
wanting,  for  the  provinces  to  secure  to  the  Cre- 
©fesa  consUnt  supply  of  "Notions."     These 
Articles  may  appear  of  trivial  consequence  to 
the  British  public,  but  to  deprive  a  race  of  men 
€>f  what  diey  esteem  luxuries,  is  to  make  them] 
repine.     The  worthy  Aldermen   of  London, 
when  engaged  at  a  turde^feast,  do  no^  kbs  ap. 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


109 


preciate  its  enjoyment,  because  tunic  is  vulgar 
food  in  the  West  Indies ;  and  to  deprive  the 
meanest  individual  in  England  of  tea,  would, 
in  his  estimation  be  an  abridgment  of  his  com- 
forts; while  a  failure  in  the  supply  of  "notions" 
would  much  more  affect  the  enjoyment  of  all 
ranks — from  the  negro,  who  buys  his  rancid 
shad,  to  the  opulent  and  hospitable  planter  or 
merchant,  who  spreads  his  board  with  a  profu- 
sion of  delicacies,  to  entertain  the  stranger  guest. 

It  would  be  difficult  to  ascertain  precisely  he 
annual  amount  expended  in  these  minor  arti- 
cles, as  they  were  not  interfered  in  by  the  cus* 
torn  house ;  but  it  would  be  very  far  within 
the  bounds  of  probability,  to  estimate  the  sum 
annually  passing  into  the  hands  of  the  Ameri- 
cans for  "  Notions,"  from  the  isknd  of  Barba. 
does  ordy,  at  100,000  dollars,  or  ^^25,000  ster 
ling.  Thus,  by  insensible  channels,  has  the 
stream  of  British  wealth  been  diverted  from  its 
course,  and  the  foundations  of  her  greatness 
sapped ;  but  let  her  awake,  and  fully  contem- 
plate the  danger  which  now  threatens  her  politi- 
cal existence,  and  adopt  the  measures  necessa- 
ry  to  guard  against  it. 


)■ , 


i  f 


CHAP.  XVU. 


ON  THE  JWyLATlYE  SITUATION  OF  GKEAT  BRITAIIif 
ANU  MiCyPQA  A^  >^A*JUFACTUBING  RIVALS. 


\.\ 


I  1 


^T  the  era  of  the  French  revolution,  the  mo- 
mentous events  in  Eurqpe,  and  the  dangers 
of  a  revolution  at  home,  so  completely, occupi- 
ed the  attention  of  government,  that  America, 
who  had  recently  established  her  independence, 
and  had  not  then  given  proofs  qf  dangerous  ri- 
valship,  was  overlooked  in  the  scale  of  nations : 
no  watchful  policy  investigated  her  public  mea- 
sures. Conceived^  to  be  too  insignificant  for 
notice,  encouragements  were  given  to  her 
trade ;  and  during  the  period  she  enjoyed  inter- 
nal tranquility,  she  grew  up  to  a  gigantic  sta- 
ture. Emigr'^tion  from  this  country  proceeded 
rapidly,  the  government  either  overlooking  or 
conniving  at  it.  The  benefits  of  a  neutral  flag 
produced  wealth,  which  was  further  augmented 
by  the  introduction  of  foreign  capital,  and  the 
active  spirit  of  enterprise,  concurring  with  a 
happy  combination  of  other  circumstances.  Bri- 
tish competition  was  nevertheless  formidable, 
^nd,  in  many  instances,  overwhelming.     The 

N  2 


I'M. 


/  . 

i  ^ 

ii'  I 


112 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


'»r 


f 


I 


i  » 


m     II 


\v 


\M 


; 


people  rather  dreaded  than  desired  a  contention 
for  national  pre-eminence  in  manufactures ;  and 
It  was  not  MPtJl  die  war  was  forced  upon  the 
nation,  bv  '  »e  j  r  .found  and  complex,  though 
erroneous  policy  of  ibi  government    that  Ae 
^bhc  mind  was  directed  to  this  consideration. 
Prior  to  that  period,  it  was  regarded  as  a  mati 
ter  of  dubious  policy,  and  the  question  as  to 
the  propriety  of  the  Siates  becoming  a  manu. 
facturing  people,  was  discussed  by  able  men  of 
both  parties,  without  coming  to  any  determi- 
nate  conclusion.     Some  years  since,  it  was  the 
favourite  subject  of  the  federalists,  and  most 
strenuously  opposed  by  the  adverse  party :  at 
present,  and  the  fact  is  worthy  the  most  serious 
regard  of  this  country,  it  is  fostered  by  both 
parties,  and  Ihe  democratic  government  stands 
pledged*  to  proniote  it.  It  is  now  regarded  as 

•  The  following  is  what  is  implied  in  the  American 
government's  standing  pledged  to  promote  manufac 
tures.  It  was  cited  by  an  eminent  leader  of  the  federal 
party,  in  1793,  the  era  of  the  commencement  of  the 
manufacturing  fever  in  tha  United  States,  as  direct 
transcripts  of  the  establihed  customs  of  ol«l  nations  :— 
I'  Duties  laid  on  foreign  articles,  the  rivals  of  those 
intended  to  be  encouraged.'*  Prohibitions,  or  du- 
ties  equivalent."  •'  Prohibitions  of  the  exportalions 
fcf  the  materials  of  manufacture  "  «  Pecuniary  boun- 
lies."  «  Premiums."  "  Exemption  of  ttie  materials 
of  manufacture  from  duty."  «  Drawbacks  of  the  duties 
imposed  on  the  materials  of  manufactures/*  "  Encou- 
ragementof  new  discoveries  and  inventions,  and  the  in- 
troduction into  the  United  States  of  those  made  in  other 
countries,  particularly  maciiinery."  *»  Judicious  regu. 
lations  for  the  inspection  of  manufactured  commduities." 


OP    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


113 


a  necessary  means  of  increasing  the  national 
I  strength,  and  eventually  ruining  the  enemy  ! 

Here  then  is  an  entirely  new  aspect  of  t/iwgSy 
since  the  American  people,  by  their  constitu- 
ted authorities,  have  openly  avowed  their  de- 
termination to  commence  a  system  of  rivalship ; 
and  the  state  of  their  country  is   sufficiently 
mature  to  excite  confident  hopes  of  success  on 
I  the  one  part,  and  to  warrant  uneasiness  and 
jealousy  on  the  other :  lor,  as  the  American 
manufactures  have   increased  in   number,   so 
have  they  advanced  in  importance  and  reputa- 
tion at  home.     The  national  vanity  always  dis- 
poses them  to  overlook  real  defects,  and  disco- 
ver imaginary  excellence  in  all  articles  manu- 
factured within  the  States;  a  principle  which 
whatever  be  its  source,  is  of  immense  advan- 
tage to  the  rising  manufactures, 
• 
With  these  dispositions,  the  Americans  enjoy 
I  some  very  important  advantages  in  the  posses- 
I  siun  of  manufacturing  articles  of  superior  qua- 
|lity,  and  a  country  so  intersected  with  streams, 
as  to  facilitate  the  introduction  of  watery  ma- 

[ "  Facilivating  pecuniary  remittances,  and  the  transpor- 
tation  ov  commodities  from  place   to  place." To  all 

[these  another  must  be  added,  hich  was  only  /tinted  at 
by  the  above  individual,  and  which  subsequent  events 
have  proved,  has  been  basely  acted  upon  ;  namely,  not 
merely  the  encouragement  of  emigration  to  the  States, 
but  the  application  of  its  funds  for  the  purpose  of  decoy- 
ing away  from  Britain  skillful  artisans  and  mechanics. 


.    ■  I 


/. 


.!• 


'\'.] 


I 


•I'M  i 


11    V 


(^ 


114 


CPLOVJAL    POLICY 


!  .1 


chinery.  And  should  the  first  efforts  to  intrc 
duoe  a  sufficient  number  of  weavers,  and  itl 
British  improved  machines  prove  successful,  h 
jgiying  any  considerable  impulse  to  the  home  faj 
brie,  a  proliibition  of  cotton,  with  other  rawi 
materials,  may  soon  be  expected,  as  a  mcasurj 
calculated  to  prove  highly  injurious  to  the  riva 
interest. 

It  is  not  improbable,  that  mercenary  indiviJ 
duals  of  this  country,  possessing  capital,  influ] 
•ence,  and  experience  in  particular  raunufactures] 
may  be  induced,  by  the  encouragements  held 
out  by  the  Americans,  to  embark  these  valuable 
qualities  in  their  cause,  carrying  with  them  conj 
siderable  numbers  of  artisans  ;  and  so  sensibi 
are  the  Americans  of  the  necessity  of  introduciii 
foreign  manufacturers,  for  the  purpose  of  qoS\ 
ductmg  and  working  their  factories,  that  ^eaJ 
importance  is  attdched  to  the  advantages  arising 
from  their  importation ;  nor  is  it  improbable  thaS 
bounties  may  be  given,  or  at  least  secret  rewards] 
bestowed,  on  the  captains  of  American  vessels,! 
to  direct  theii-  attention  to  this  suljject.     The  liJ 
beral  minded  Briton,  who  has  not  had  the  adJ 
vantage  of  contemplating  the  American  charac-I 
ter,  or  from  personal  ot)servation  of  forming  al 
judgment  of  the  party  in  power,  or  the  collisionf 
and  effervescence  of  opinions  and  motives,  ex.| 
posed,  detected,  assented  to,  or  contradicted  dailyl 
in  the  political  contests  of  the  Slates,  may  fe^ll 
perfectly  secure,  and  say  tliere  is  no  danger,  cs-i 
timating  the  character  of  that  government  andl 
people  by  his  own,  and  deprecating  their  heingl 


or    GREAT    BRITAirr. 


115 


charged  with  such  practices  as  too  degrading. 

But  let  not  our  excess  of  candour  betray  this 
Icountiy  into  a  state  of  supineness  ;  let  not  false 

/easonings  and  wrong  conclusions  lull  it  into  an 
lopinion  that  America  cannot  rival  the  manufac- 
Itures  of  more  mature  countries.    Rather  let  such 

persons  reflect  on  what  she  has  afready  done,  and 
I  will  still  farther  attempt.     And  here  let  it  be 
lobserved,  that  where  two  parties  of  opposite  po- 
llitical  opinions  meet  in  a  common  centre,  it  is 
Inot  likely  that  any  of  their  darling  objects  will 
Iremain  untried.     An  extension  of  manufactures, 
Ithereforc,  is  the  prevailing  desire  of  the  whole 
Ination,  and  it  is  founded  on  the  principle  of 
Imaking  the  citizens  of  the  States  independent  of 
Ian  European  supply,  and  supplanting  Britain  in 
Iforeign  markets;  the  States  possessing  collec- 
Itively  many  natural  advantages,  mutually  con- 
Iducing  to  their  prosperity,  while  held  together 
Iby  one  common  bond  of  union.     And  it  must 
jbe  remembered,  that  these  are  in  the  hands  of  a 
Ipeople,  who  have  displayed  the  greatest  degree 
lof  perseverance  of  spirit,  and  adventurous  en- 
terprise, in  matters  connected  with  trade.*  What 
then  is  wanting,  in  order  to  establish  manufac- 

I  The  following  circumstance  affords  an  excellent 
jiHustration  of  the  above  -. — A  gentleman  established  a 
jspinning  mill  near  Portland,  but  as  the  country  people 
Ihad  always  been  accustomed  to  spin  cotton  and  wool  for 
Ithemseives,  he  could  find  no  employment  for  it ;  to 
Ibreak  the  old  system  there,  he  actujlly  spun  gratis  for 
la  considerable  time.  Query.  Was  this  patriotism,  or 
[was  the  individual  secretly  supported  by  the  govern- 
ment  I  jo 


Vi 


ll|: 


■ill; 


!!h: 


116 


COLONIAL    rOLlCY 


r- 


torics  sufficiently  extensive  to  supply  the  hor„ 
consumption  and  engage  in  cxportations,  but 
supply  of  artisans,  which  can  only  be  procun 
from  Europe  ?  And  one  grand  advantage,  su 
ted  by  their  ablest  writers,  rests  on  the  circum] 
stance  of  "  employing  foreign  strength  in  th 
manufactories,  leaving  the  natives  to  cultivoi 
the  soil  or  navigate  the  slnps." 

The  author  is,  therefore,  fully  persuaded  thai 
Great  Britain  never  before  had  such  a  dangerouJ 
rival;  especially  as  the  American  governmenl 
stands  pledged  to  do  something  extraordinaiyj 
and  has  even  commenced  with  a  new  tariff  c 
duties  on  importations.     This,  then,  is  the  er. 
of  a  systematic  contest,  which  must  eventuallj 
endanger  the  safety  of  the  one  or  the  other.    Id 
the  United  States,  where  politics  are  so  generalw 
discussed,  a  stranger  cannot  long  remain  ignd 
rant  of  party  difference  and  sentiments,  arisinJ 
from  tliat  universal  desire  of  communicating  aiid 
inquiring,  that  is  prevalent  diroughout  all  rank] 
of  the  community.     It  is  easy,  therefore,  for  aJ 
attentive  observer  to  elicit  truth  from  the  variouj 
contrarieties  which  exist  among  them.    The  au] 
thor's  opinions  consequently  are  not  singular! 
they  are  those  of  many  other  persons  well  qualil 
fied  to  judge.    But  the  public  mind  in  this  counj 
try  is  too  tranquil ;  it  must  be  aroused  from  ic 
lethargy,  and  it  must  see  America  through  th 
medium  of  the  traveller  :  nothing  amounting  ti 
a  national  feeling  has  yet  swayed  us  in  the  conl 
templation  of  this  formidable  opposition. 


e      \»  ■- 


Hi 


©P    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


117 


lew,  so  dangerous  above  comparison,  yet  so  easv 
1  be  defeated,  even  now !  It  is  time,  however, 
I  form  a  aimiiltaneous  opinion,  and  use,  not 
nly  the  ordinary  precautions  of  prudence  and 
-esight,  but  to  redouble  them.  Ignorant  of 
secret  views  of  the  advocates  for  American 
nanufactures;  ignorant  of  the  moral  tendency 
fef  a  manufacturing  system,  to  superinduce  the 
licry  restramts,  the  imaginary  oppressions,  the 
irant  and  poverty,  they  are  anxious  to  fly  from ; 
m  unthmkmg  populace  embrace  with  eagerness 
e  desire  to  emigrate  to  that  happy  country 
where  liberty  and  afiluence  await  them,  whUe 
ie  salutary  restraints  at  home,  intended  to  pro- 
note  the  good  of  the  whole  nation,  are  regarded 
s  personal  slavery.  They  are,  at  the  same  time. 
yiured  by  the  high  price  of  labour,  the  promised 
my,  and  cheapness  of  provision  in  the  States- 
^ofwhich  operate  as  additional  incentives  de' 
femming  them  to  accept  the  insidious  propyls 
p  the  foreign  negotiator.  * 

Emigration,  therefor.,  to  the  United  States 
fiust  be  checked,  while  that  to  the  British  pro' 
Nces  must  I>e  encouraged.   New  channels  must 
^provided  for  our  superfluous  manufactures 

U  L  7^  ""^  ""''^^  ^^  ^^^PP^^'  ^«  the  time  may 
fot  be  far  distant  when  they  may  be  excluded 
ta  the- States  altogether,  or  such  duties  im. 
^>sed  as  shall  give  the  rival  commodities  a  com- 
pete advantage  over  them. 

The  possibility  of  the  manufactures  of  Ame- 


ii-  <ti 


\i,h\ 


118 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


4  I' 


rica  contending  wtth  this  country,  did  not  escai 
the  penetration  of  Lord  Melville,  when  Mr.  Dun] 
das.     With  a  prophetic  spirit  he  asserted  in  thj 
House  of  Commons,  in  April,  1796,  that  •'  sucll 
an  event,  besides  the  prejudicial  manner  in  vvhicli 
it  would  operate  on  the  navigation  of  the  king] 
dom,  would  put  out  of  our  power  the  whole  pre 
duce  of  ihe  West  Indies.    For  when  the  planter 
could  readily  find  a  market  elsewhere,  we  shouy 
lose  all  the  surplus  which  forms  so  great  an  arj 
tide  in  our  foreign  trade  ;    and  the  whole  of  thai 
important  advantage  would  be  for  ever  lost.' 
Speculatists,  at  the  very  commencement  of  th| 
colonial  system,   saw  the  poasibility  of  their  iu] 
ture  opposition.     Sir  Joshua  Child,  in  the  yea 
1660,  remarked   "  that  America  possessed  a  fit! 
ness  for  rival  manufactures,  building  rival  shipj 
ping,  and  draining  the  mother  country  of  people.'! 
And  it  was   prognosticated,   that  the  coloniej 
would  soon  revolt ;    notwithstanding  which,  thj 
perpetual  endeavours  of  disaff'^K -cd  persons  could 
not  separate  them  from  the  muiher  country,  iintj 
upwards  of  a  century  had  elapsed ;  during  whicj 
period,  the  commerce,  manufactures,  and  pros 
perity  of  Britain,  increased  most  rapidly     ThJ 
conclusion  therefore  is,  that,  Lkc  other  events 
the  age,  the  novel  aspect  of  American  competij 
tion,    being   without   precedent,    precautionar 
measures  of  the  same  description  must  also 
taken,  adapted  to  the  peculiar  exigences  of  thj 
case.     A  formidable  party  have  reasoned  verj 
forcibly,  and  they  have  supported  their  reason 
ings  widi  estimates,  and  calculations  on  the  suj: 


OF    GREAT   BRITAIN. 


11» 


,ed  tendency  of  restrictive  measures  to  ruin 
^  West  India  islands,  and  by  their  means  the 
toother  country ;  and  yet  it  appears,  that  when 
Bstrictions  prevailed,  the  Americans  bore  away 
)  large  a  share  of  our  commerce,  as  enriched 
id  enabled  them  to  prove  our  rivals  in  manu- 
tures!     If  a  restricted   commerce  did  this 
►hat  would  one  less  restricted  do,  but  increase 
peir  resources  and  competition  ?     If  under  the 
^cumulated  evUs  of  restrictions,  embargoes 
Jon.mtercourse  acts,  and  open  war,  the  Ame-* 
leans  could  establish  manufactories  of  large  ex 
l«it,  what  will  they  not  do,  now  when  peace  is 
istored,  provided  they  are  indulged  with  an  un. 
jiterrupted  commerce  with  our  colonies?  Ifthev 
be  already  made  such  rapid  advances  as  to  give 
lis  country  serious  cause  of  alarm,  can  it  be  sup- 
osed  that  American  forbearance   will  abstain 
oni  future  enlargement,  purely  from  a  com- 
bisant    acknowledgment  of  any  favours  and 
tommercial  indulgences  we  can  give  them  ?  On 
Contrary,  their  dispositions  will  lead  them  to 
ke  advantage  of  our  weakness,  instead  of  reci 
ocating  our  benefits.      Some  may  suppose 
k  the  late  war  had  in  itself  a  tendency  to  en 
Kage  the  manufactures  of  America,  by  wavs 
hd  means  inseparable  from  hostility  and  dimi 
m  importation,  thereby  affecting  their  ex' 
mm ;  and  consequently,  that  a  continuation 
restrictive  measures  on  our  part,  would  still 
ke  advance  the  views  of  the  enemy.     To  this 
Answer,  that  although  it  may  be  very  possible 
|)rwar  to  ^wq  a  bias  to  the  manufactures  of  a 

O 


W 


?r 


m 


''in 


'•  li  t  it 


1 

i 

m 

if  fi 


n  1 1 


V.  r 


COLONIAL    POLICY 

'  f  '  .•.  ','  lit  ;    i    • 


1??. 

nation  ;  it  can  do  no  more :  peaoe -dnd  comTncrce 
are  '^^sbntial  to  their  further  progress.     Wur,  it  I 
may  be  admitted,  has  given  that  bias  to  Aiticri-' 
can  manuftictures :  to  the  necessities  of  the  na- 1 
tioh  we  ihky  in  part  attribute  the  progress  that 
they  have  made ;  but  to  make  any  greater  ad- 
vances;'at  least  alarming  onesy  requires  finances 
recruits:  of  artisans,  access  to  European  manufac.' 
torieS,  models  of  machines,  public  credit,  and 
other  adventitious  supports,  derivable  only  from 
peace  and  widely  extended  conimerce. 

What  then  is  the  precise  situation  of  the  two 
couniries  ?  Great  Britain  has  a  competitor,  for. 
midable  from  her  natural  advantages,  which,  at 
present  may  be  festrained;  but  which,  if  per. 
mitted^o  flourish,  will  undoubtedly  overwhelm 
her.     Two  trees  growing  near  each- other  in] 
the  forest,  will  rarely  stop  at  the  same  point  ofl 
stature ;  one  will  overgrow,  shade,  and  renderl 
the  other  unhealthy  ;  but  if  the  aspiring  tree  be 
lopped,  although   it  may  afterwards  pr educe j 
some   branches  of  unnatural  vigour,  and  in- 
creased  verdure,  yet  it  will  scarcely  ever  reco- 
ve'r  its  loss  of  stature,  being  shrouded  in  its 
turn  by  the  opposing  tree.     America,  then,  is 
the  aspiring  tree  :  she  has  reared  her  head,  ^nd 
extended  her  branches,  threatening  to  cover  the 
aged  and  venerable  oak  of  British  power  and 
grandeur,  from  the  influence  of  the  solar  rays  o| 
manufactures  and  commerce.     The  growth  o! 
the  American  pine  must  therefore  be  checked,! 


4    k  I 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


121 


ere  those  baneful  consequences  arise  from  her 
competition.  Some  will  assert  this  to  be  im- 
possible ;  American  commerce  must,  they  say, 
p  on  progressively ,  until  it  reach  its  apex/  Let 
that  be  granted  for  the  sake  of  argument :  it 
will  only  prove  the  necessity  for  the  exertion  of 
those  efforts,  and  the  fulfilment  of  those  duties 
which  the  Author  will  more  fully  consider  in 
the  following  chapter. 


\h 


nn 


i 


..Av 


QN  THE 
A 


liET 

opinion 

British 

the  Uni 

will  eve 

[article  c 

from  th( 

were  wc 

the  mos 

ca  is  ma 

formidal 

be  sti'eni 

by  a  ren 

once  col' 

I  hctua/  dii 

the  case 

I  stances,  ] 


'§. 


u 


CHAP.  XVill. 


ON  THE  DUTY  OP  GREAT  BRITAIN    TO  RECOMMENCE 
AND  PERPETUATE  A  COLONIAL  SYSTExM. 


liET  US  here,  a  priori,  assume  the  popular 
I  opinion,  entertained  by  the  Americans  and  their 
British  admirers,  that  this  country  cannot  sion 
the  United  States  in  their  career;  who,  they  say 
will  eventually   supply  themselves  with  every 
article  of  manufacture,  and  exclude  the  British 
from  their  ports  altogether.     If  this  sentiment 
vvere  well  founded,  we  mi^ht  indeed  entertain 
the  most  fearful  apprehensions.     Thit  hrm^ru 
ca  IS  making  the  attempt  to  render  herclf  thu^? 
formidable,  is  indeed  too  apparent,  and  must 
be  strenuously  opposed.    This  may  be  effected 
by  a  renovation  of  the  ardour  with  which  we 
once  colonized  ;  not  as  an  experiment  but  as  an 

Uctualduty,  That  this  oHght  particularly  to  be 
the  case,  under  our  present  peculiar  circum. 
stances,  will  appear,  when  the  indigence  of  ma. 

'  o  2 


11 


ii    ij 


m 


■'i  'I  I     i 


I 


7 


I 


124 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


■^;i 


ny  thousands  of  our  poor  is  considered,  whom 

we  cannot,  even  now,  totally  prevent  from  emi. 

grating  to  the  United  States  ;  and  by  partial  at- 

tempts  of  this  kind,  we  manifest  a  spirit  of  op. 

pression,  unless  emigration  be  permitted  and 

encouraged  to  some  other  country.     Besides, 

it  may  be  observed,  that  although  the  States,' 

after  the  lapse  of  an  age,  revolted  from  Britain,' 

yet  they  greatly  contributed  to  her  prosperity, 

during  that  long  period;  nor  have  they  yet 

ceased  to  purchase  our  commodities.  It  would 

therefore   be  sound  policy  to  plant  colonies, 

even  were  we  previously  assured  of  their  defec- 

tion,  since  the  benefits  of  their  commerce  would 

be  an  adequate  compensation  for  our  expense 

and  care,  independent  of  the  probable  contin- 

gency  that  they  may  remain  loyal. 

The  condition  of  the  poor  is  a  matter  of  me- 
lancholy  reflection  to  the  benevolent  mind ;  and 
the  more  so,  as  it  appears  to  be  the  unavoidable 
concomitant  of  civilized  society.  There  is  the 
highest  authority  to  know,  that  "  the  poor  wc 
shall  always  have  with  us."  The  best  regula- 
tions,  the  most  equal  laws,  the  most  perfect 
state  of  liberty,  cannot  altogether  prevent, 
though  they  may  combine  to  mitigate  the  evil. 
It  is  a  fact  proved  by  experience,  that  as  a  na- 
tion  advances  in  riches,  refinements,  trade  and 
manufactures,  the  condition  of  one  part  of  its 
community  will  be  ameliorated,  while  that  of 
the  other  is  deteriorated. 


.,1     mutt 


or    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


125 


Aware  that  the  introduction  of  machinery, 
and  extensive  manufactures,  will,  with  the  good 
also  possess  the  evtl  tendency  ;  the  Americans,' 
Uhile  they  invite,  at  the  same  time  deprecate,' 
those  distmctions  in  society,  which  naturally 
result  from  national  affluence.     With  the  same 
breath,  they  express  an  abhorrence  of  the  cur. 
ruptions  of  the  "  old  country,"  and  most  high- 
ly eulogize  a  policy,  which  necessarily  engen- 
ders the   very  pestilence  they  affect  ta  shun  ! 
Their  predilections,  or  antipathies,  would  be  of 
little  moment  to  us,  were  they  not  so  exten- 
sively  disseminated,  and  calculated   by  their 
aberration  from  truth,  to  poison  the  minds  of 
the  poor  m  this  country.     These  circumstan- 
ces, therefore,  call  upon  the  government  most 
decidedly  to  evince  that  paternal  solicitude,  and 
provident  attention,  which  is  their  duty  to  this 
unhappy  portion  of  our  countrymen.  If,  through 
the  vicissitudes  of  life,  numbers  are  deprived 
of  support,  or  derive  a  precarious  and  scanty 
subsistence  from  hard  labour,  or  itinerant  traf. 
fie,  a  wise  and  liberal  government  should  pro- 
vide  for  them  at  the  same  moment  an  asylum 
land  relief  from  the  public  burdens,  by  remo- 
jving  these  useless  consumers  to  countries  where 
jthey  may  provide  their  own  sustenance,  and 
[acquire  respectability.  It  is  in  vain  to  deny,  or 
lattempt  to  palliate  the  fact,  that  such  is  the  con- 
Idition  of  a  large  mass  of  the  poor  of  Great  Bri- 
l^in ;  nor  do  we  stop  to  inquire  whether  they 
have  thus  sunk  through  misfortune  or  miscon- 


f    1 


I  i 


1^ 


AoLOVtAL    POLICY 


duct,  THcy  stand  bifore  us  in  wretchedness 
and  woe,  silently  imploring  the  fostering  imnd 
of  power,  td  extend  to  them  the  benefits  of 
emigration. 

These  ideas  have  been  suggested,   by  the 
ineasure  now  pending,  for  the  encouragement 
of  emigrants  to  Canada;  and  by  the  declaration 
of  the  government,  "That  although  it  did  not! 
wish  to  check,  it  bv  no  means  desired  to  en-I 
tourage  emigration."     While  the  author  ad-l 
mires  the  policy  which  diverts  several  thou, 
sands  of  emigrants  from  resorting  to  the  Uni-I 
ted  States,  and  directs  them  to  a  British  colony; 
he  dissents  with  due  deference  from  the  senti- 
tnent  thus  conveyed,  and  conceives  that  it  isl 
the  dutif  of  the  British  government  to  encouragel 
and  ptomote  emigration  to  the  utmost  of  its  pow- 
er ;  since,  notwithstanding  the  most   watefull 
vigilance,  the  malcontents  will  continue  theirl 
emigrations  to  the  United  States,  carrying  withl 
tliem  animosities  never  to  be  eradicated,  and! 
thus  increasing  theal}horrence  of  the  Americansl 
for  what  they  think  a  land  of  oppression,  wrongj 
and  violence.     It  is  the  perpetually  resorting 
thither  of  such  malignant  visitors,  that  inflamesi 
their  minds  with  rancour  against  us ;    stained,] 
as  they  suppose  us  to  be,  with  the  blackesc 
cririieb,  and  smarting  under  the  most  compli-j 
Gated  system  of  grinding  tyranny  :  and  indeed 
it  cannot  b'"  matter  of  surprise  that  they  should 
cherish  such  preposterous  notions  of  us,  when 


OP    CHEAT    BRITAIN. 


127 


the  feelings  excited  by  the  exaggerated  com- 
plaints and  miserable  spectacle  of  those  repro- 
bate or  unfortunate  wretches,  who  present  them- 
selves from  time  to  time,  to  the  gaping  crowds 
assembled  to  witness  their  debarkation,  are  in- 
dustriously supported  by  political  harrangues, 
essays,  sermons,  and  other  expedients. 

These  arguments  migl    f>e  allowed  to  have 
some   weight  in  ordinary  cases:  they  apply, 
I  however,  with  peculiar  force  to  the  particular 
situation  in  which  this  country  is  now  placed ; 
and  as  America  threatehs,  by  her  manufactures, 
to  close  that  mart  to  our  merchandise  forcvtr, 
it  should  be  our  policy  to  enlarge  qur  old  colo- 
nies, and  plant  others,  that  when  old  markets 
become  shut,  new  ones  may  be  opened.     Ex- 
perience has  proved  that  those  of  Europe  may 
be  so  affected,  as  to  render  them  inaccessible 
to  our  merchants,  unless  through  a  neutral  me- 
dium ;  and  even  then  they  may  be  exposed  to 
the  rapacity  of  power,  and  persecuted  almost  to 
extinction:  for  among  the  unforeseen  contin- 
gencies  of  an  eventful  age,  a  recurrence  is  not 
impossible  of  continental  restrictions,  so  fresh 
mour  recollection,  and  so  deeply  felt  by  our 
merchants  and  manufacturers.  Douaniers  may 
again  ransack  the  warehouse  of  the  continental 
merchant,  in  quest  of  goods,  bearing  evidence 
against  themselves  of  their  being  British  fabri- 
cation, in  order  to  their  being  burnt.  Open  war, 
or  armed  neutralities  may  be  resorted  to,  on  the 


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COLONIAL  Policy 


IJit 


part  (if^those  powers  wott;  friSndlt/:  and  the 
possibility  of  ingratitude  being  displayed  cveh 
by  those  nations  \<^hom  ive  have  fesclied  from 
'Oppression,  is  sufficiently  proved  by  the  annals 
of  the  present  aige.  And  as  Britaih  is  again  en. 
gaged  with  that  foe,  over  whom  she  has  so  sig. 
nally  triumphed,  transatlantic  policy  will  await 
the  issue  of  the  struggle,  and  joiii  with  either 
thatrhay  prove  victorious;  thus  most  deCiaedJ 
1)^  proving' the  necessity  of  Our  recommencing  a 
Vigorous  sytem  of  colonization,  in  order  to  pro. 
Vide  new  imarkets  for  our  merchaiidise,  when 
the  customary  ones  may  be  forever  closed.* 
^Kleasures  like  these  would  bid  defiance  to 
America ;  she  might  then  copy  and  iriijirove  on 
€hine^  policy,  aiid  retire  as  a  World  within 
Hei^lf,  adopting  the  advice  of  her  xvlld  theoJ 
nksy  and  Visionary  statesmen.  Britain  would 
^ile  at  thi^  dotage ,  finding  ih  her  ^Colonies  amJ 
pfe  kniendsM  the  defalcation  of  America  iriJ 
Tcrcdurse. 

* ;\1:iie  ikmecku^es  that  should  induce,  or  rather. 
"toYripel  Great  firitam  to  recorn^cnce,  should 
'also  cause  her  to  perpetuate  a  colonialsystera, 
on  a  scale  of  grandeur  suited  to  her  power,  andl 
the  great  and  urgent  wants  of  her  poeple : 


Im  I 


n 


•  It  must  be  all  alonff  borne  in  mind  by  the  readeH 
that  the  Battlb  op  Wateuloo  intervened  between 
the  Writing  atid  "itie  )itinting  of  this  Work. 


I 


OF    CtLSlj    BB.ITAJU,  XgJ- 

Isretemwhich,  instead  of  drilling  the  mother 

country  of  her  riPhes  and  popuMoo,  woSfd 

Bther  promote  both.  Idle,  disorderly,  or  mbe- ' 

«ble  subjects,  always  dangereus  to  the  Zt. 

»ould  be  removed,  to  scenS^,  where  they  mav 

lous  ot  a  certain  competence.  The  relief  thu8 
kpenenped  at  home,  would  by  4e  promotion 
rfmarrwges  more  than  compensate  for  ^ 
loss  sustained,  wh.le,  ti,e  colonists  themille^' 
would  rear  more  children  than  theyToufd 
fcve  done,  had  they  remained  here.     In  short 

fc  .'k  "°  T°"  ""^y  "■«=  ^''""W  have  devS 
horn  the  policy  previously  pursued,  since  oS 

ksources,  strength,  and  wealth,  have  increased 

bons.  And  even  should  they  revolt  they 
r  wntmue  for  a  long  period,  even  aftertS 
W>o„  ,oenri.h  us  bj'  theirV.de.  Another 
Uiderauon  of  considerable  weight,  iXo,^' 
iC>,^:  "'""?'""  "I  ^°'°nies  is,*thatthoS 
tvemmen,'''P'™"''''-  *e  paternal  care  Tf 
En^n  • ',■"  ^^"'°v"'g  them  according  to. 

thor  r.'""*-"'  ^'""^  ""^^  and  disttess 
Ktome,  to  happier  situations,  would  enter! 
r^"'"n^ntsof  gratitude  to 'their  beS 
K  and  attachment  to  their  native  soil,  which 
k  would  transmit  to  the  latest  posSv 

m  sentiments  might  be  perpetuated  s  for  be 
KolIe,?ted,  the  seeds  of*^  American  &^. ' 
fon  were  sojm  at  the  very  outspt 


A 

M 


|1  I 


i 


*  i!' 


i 


130 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


l^i 


That  the  original  opinions,  attachments,  or 
aversions,  of  the  first  colonists  are  imbibed  by 
their  descendants,  will  appear  from  a  compaji. 
son  of  the  islands  of  Barbadoes  and  Jamaica. 
In  the  forther,  ori^nally  settled  by  the  Royal, 
ists,  an  enthudastic  partiality  for  Great  Britam 
universally  prevails ;  the  primitive  impressions 
have  never  been  eradicated :  while,  on  the  con- 
trary,  Jamaica  originally  conquered  and  peopled 
by  the  adherents  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  has 
evinced  at  all  times  a  lofty  spirit  of  freedom, 
and  ^  passion  for  republican  liberty,  which  has 
not  been  obliterated  by  time,  or  the  continual 
change  of  inhabitants.  Those  newly  arrived 
are  soon  won  over  to  the  prevalent  opinions, 
which  tire  more  in  favour  of  the  States  than  of  I 
England.  Again,  the  provinces  of  Upper  Ca- 
nada,  Nova  Scotia,  and  New  Brunswick,  which 
derived  their  original  population  in  a  great  mea- 
sure  from  the  American  Royalists^  have  in  the  j 
late  contest  abundantly  evinced  that  the  loyal 
sentiments  of  the  fathers  arc  transmitted  to  the 
sons ;  and  the  Author  bears  testimony  to  that  | 
zeal  for  vigorous  measures  which  they  mani. 
fested, against  the  United  Staffs,  while  he  re. 
^ets  that  he  has  observed  no  disposition  in  this  I 
country  to  recompense  their  exertions.  Better 
instructed  than  the  native  British  in  the  true 
character  of  the  Americans  from  their  conti- 
guity  and  intercourse,  they  learn  fully  to  ap- 
preciate their  deadly  animosity  :  hence  a  de- 
termined  spirit  of  opposition,  the  |urest  bond  I 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN, 


13i 


of  their  perpetual  union  to  Britain,  who,  in 
order  to  triumph,  has  only  to  foster  this  happy 
predilection,  adopt  thetr  sentiments,  and  extend 
her  maternal  arm,  to  cherish  and  defend  them. 
That  she  will  do  this  in  the  fullest  extent,  as 
an  imperious  duty,  is  the  Author's  ardent  and 
most  sincere  desire. 


iJ 


.;  '■ 


a- 


Wf 


'/^ 


Chap.  xix. 


0K  THE  FORMATION  OP  COLONIES  j  PLANS  FOR  THE 
ENCOURAGEMENT  OP  EMIGRATION  ;  AND  THE  NE- 
CESSITY  OF  SEC  ORING  TO  CANADA  THE  ADVANTAGES 
OF  ITS  FRONTIER,  BY  MEANS  OP  MILITARY  ESTA- 
fiUSHMENTS. 


Having  in  a  former  place  treated  generally 
on  tlie  subject  of  colonies,  we  shall  now  confine 
our  observations  to  the  expedients  employed  in 
the  formation  of  those  of  modern  date,  sug- 
gestmg  hints  for  their  establishment  on  a  more 
secure  and  organic  system,  combining  extend- 
ed cultivation  with  the  security  of  the  Canadian 
frontier. 

Various  measures  have  been  adopted  at  dif- 
ferent periods  for  peopling  the  colonies,  both 
by  government,  individuals,  and  associated 
bodies.  Exclusive  charters  have  been  granted 
by  the  former,  and  sometimes  the  people  have 
been  impelled  to  expatriate  themselves,  on  the 
ground  of  i-eal  or  supposed  injuries.  On  other 
occasions,  strong  incentives  have  been  held  out 
by  government  or  the  chartered  proprietors  of 
the  soil,  or  they  have  been  induced  to  enter  m- 


li 


134 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


to  limited  service  previous  to  their  embarkation. 
At  one  time,  merchants  and  captains  have  first 
provided  the  emigrants  a  passage,  and  then  sold 
them  into  absolute  slavery  for  a  greater  or  less 
period  of  time ;  at  another,  persons  convicted 
of  certain  descriptions  of  crime,  have  been 
transported  to  labour  in  the  plantations,  either 
for  a  term  of  years  or  life.  By  means  so  vari. 
ous  and  contradictory,  innumerable  defects  in 
the  colonial  system,  were  suffered  to  ingraft 
themselves  in  its  very  commencement,  and 
these  were  the  radical  causes  of  that  ebullition 
of  popular  discontent,  which  separ..ted  the 
United  States  from  the  parent  country. 

It  is  therefore  the  duty  of  government,  not 
only  to  plant,  but  adopt  in  that  instance,  a  more 
systematic  and  effectual  mode  of  proceeding 
than  heretofore ;  and  also  to  take  instant  mea- 
sures for  attaching  the  distant  provinces  to  the 
mother  country,  and  to  each  other,  by  deci- 
dedly securing  to  each  a  reciprocal  monopoly  of 
trade,  to  the  total  exclusion  of  alien  rivalship. 

Had  Mr.  Pitt  been  acquainted  with  the  pre- 
sent  state  of  things,  he  would  in  all  probability 
have  yielded  assent  to,  and  acted  upon  these 
propositions  when  the  first  treaty  was  made : 
and  had  the  Canadas  been  then  more  fully 
peopled,  they  would  have  succeeded  much  bet- 
ter in  the  late  contest  than  they  did.  At  the 
present,  it  is  most  assuredly  the  best  policy  to 
pour  into  them  immediately  large  supplies  of 


e,   have  been 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


135 


men,  to  prepare  for  any  future  contest  with  the 

States. 

The  measures  now  in  progress,  with  some 
few  alterations,    would   be  very  good.     The 
quantit-  of  land  allowed  to  each  settler,  instead 
ot  one,  ought  to  be  Jive  hundred  acres,  with  a 
certain  proportion  to  each  child,  male  or  female 
as  soon  as  born,  on  condition,  however,  that 
ten  acres  of  it  be  cleared  annually.     It  seems 
to  be  the  intention  of  government  to  establish 
such  only  as  can  bring  strong  recommendations, 
and  deposit  sixteen  pounds,  as  a  security  for 
two  years  residence  in  the  country.     But  this 
measure  will  be  attended  with  great  inconve- 
nience to  the  new  settler,  and  preclude  his  em- 
ployment of  additional  labour,  rendered  so  ne 
cessary  by  the  immense  numbers  of  large  trees 
that  must  be  hewn  down,  and  the  great  weight 
of  the  logs  which  require  to  be  moved  into 
piles.    Ministers  seem  to  have  in  view  the  for 
niation  of  respectable,  yet  partial  settlements. 
Ihese  to  their  extent  may  serve  the  purpose  • 
ut  to  meet  the  exigences  of  the  times,  a  much 
broader  scale  of  national  liberality  must  be  ex 
erted ;  and  it  may  be  asked  why  is  such  irreat 
respectabihty,   or  a  deposit  of  sixteen  poSnds 
required?  An  individual  may  be  unable  to  ob- 
tarn  the  requisite  documents,  and  yet  possess 
the  qualities  of  strength  and  honesty  ;  or  even 
if  not  remarkable  for  the  latter  virtue,  he  mi^ht 
with  safety  be  taken  to  a  place  where  there 
would  be  np  scope  for  roguerv  .'—But  as  tho 
■  P2 


il^i 


L  I'  I 


I 


t'.' 


n 


ii 


:A 


I 


p^^ 


\\ 


'/ 


136 


COLONIAL    POLICV 


il  • 


'  ■ 


present  scheme  appears  well  calculated  for  the 
purpose  intended,  that  of  introducing  worthy 
and  respectable  characters,  it  is  hoped  it  will  be 
perpetuated  and  enlarged ;  though  at  the  same 
time  an  auxiliary  measure,  embracing  the  lower 
orders  may  be  safely  adopted,  and  the  Author 
recommends  that  it  be  founded  on  the  follow- 
ing regulations. 

1.  That  printed  proposals  be  circulated,  as  in  j 
the  present  instance,  stating  explicidy  the  terms  j 
of  emigration. 

2.  That  all  persons  indiscriminately  (except 
notorious  villains),  of  an  age  proper  to  labour, 
be  pef'mitted  to  enrol  their  names  in  lists,  gra- 
tuitously  prepared  for  the  purpose ;  at  the  same  j 
time  stating  to  which  of  the  colonies  they  in- 
tend removing.  These  lists  should  be  posted  j 
in  public  situations,  for  the  purpose  of  guard-  j 
ing  against  fraud,  that  no  persons  be  permitted 
to  leave  the  kingdom  if  their  creditors  choose  | 
to  affix  a  negative  on  the  list. 

3.  That  the  emigrants  should  be  under  mar. 
tial  law,  but  guaranteed  against  any  kind  of| 
military  service,  except  that  common  to  all  in- 
habitants of  colonies  in  time  of  war ;  and  that  I 
proper  officers,   civil  and  agricultural,  should 
be  appointed,  with  a  commissariat,  &c. 


verr 
shoi 

5, 

adv£ 

6. 
proc 
men 
wicli 

7. 

they 
inen< 
lot*»( 
until 
!  for  CI 

8. 

I  to  ea( 
veyec 
I  hundi 

9. 

I  their 

{estate 

10. 
Irespec 
to  hoi 


4.  That  the  emigrants,  while  they  remain  L  •  q„ 
embodied,  should  be  fed  at  the  expense  of  go- 1  than  on 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


isr 


v-emmcnt ;  but,  except  in  special  cases,  they 
should  clothe  themselves. 

5.  That  agricultural  implements  should  be 
advanced  gratuitously  by  the  government. 

6.  That  the  several  corps  of  emigrants  should 
proceed  in  transports,  provided  by  govern- 
ment, to  Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  or  New  Bruns- 
wick. 

7.  That  when  arrived  at  their  destination, 
they  should  with  all  convenient  speed,  com- 
mence the  clearance  of  the  precise  district  al- 
lot*»d  to  them,  performing  the  labour  in  a  body, 
until  the  whole  was  cleared,  drained,  and  ready 

I  for  culture. 

8.  The  land  thus  prepared  should  be  divided 
to  each  by  lot ;  the  whole  being  previously  sur- 
veyed and  laid  out,  into  equal  shares  of  one 
hundred  acres,  or  more,  per  man.* 

■  L  ?•  '^^^  officers  to  be  paid  an  equivalent  for 
I  be  under  mar.  |  their  superintendence,  either  out  of  the  cleared 
ist  any  kind  of  ■  estate,  or  by  a  salary  from  government, 
mmon  to  all  in- 1 

r  war ;  and  thati  10.  The  emigrants  to  be  invested  with  their 
ultural,  shouldlrespective  estates,  free  of  all  fees  or  charges- 
iat,  &c.  |to  hold  them  by  the  tenure  of  free  and  com- 

ile  they  remain!  .  One  hundred  acres  of  t'eared  land  would  be  better 
expense  ofgoithanone  thousand  of  forest  land  uncleared 


:1 


/  '  I 


i  I  ;J 


m 


W"1B 


mt 


138 


COLOKIAL    POLICY 


mon  soccage  ;  and  be  discharged  from  further 
services. 

To  provide  for  these  and  all  other  settlers  a 
proper  supply  of  labourers,  it  would  be  expe. 
dient  to  furnish  a  free  passage  to  as  many  as 
chose  tc  emigrate,  under  an  engagement  to 
serve  any  farmer  who  wanted  hands  for  one 
year,  at  the  rate  of  five  shillings  per  day ;  the 
governor  of  the  province  to  see  that  the  en- 
gagement be,  duly  fulfilled,  and  that  the  farmer 
be  put  in  possession  of  his  labourer  :   and  pro. 
vided  the  latter  elopes,  authority   should  be 
given  to  punish  the  offender,  by  deprivation  of 
his  salary  and  imprisonment,  during  the  re- 
mainder of  his  term,  unless  it  appear  that  the 
master  has  been  guilty  of  cruelty  or  oppression. 
The  emigrant  of  this  description  would  be  pla- 
ced in  a  condition  similar  to  those  who  proceed 
to  the  United  States ;  and,  after  contributing 
bis  labour  to  the  agriculture  of  the  country,  he 
would  at  the  year's  end  receive  a  nett  salary  of 
three  hundred  and  sixty-five  dollars,  or  ninety- 
one  pounds  one  shilling  sterling ;  and  after  ob- 
taining  a  colonial  grant  in  the  regular  way,  by 
petition  to  the  governor,  he  could,  with  thiS 
sum,  clear  it  to  great  advantage. 

Whatever  misconceptions  might  at  first  pre- 
vail  respecting  these  regulations,  time  would  dc 
velope  their  superiority.  The  first  experiment 
might  not  agree  with  the  feelings  of  some. — 
others  might  doubt  their  eflicacy  ;  but  when  one 


if 


'A  from  further 


OF    6KtAT    BElTAtN. 


isd 


rorp  of  emigrants  itcre  put  in  full  possession 
bf  their  grants,  the  good  faith  of  government 
bould  be  apparent,  and  the  excellence  of  the 
pn  conspicuous. 

The  Author  would  also  beg  leave  to  offer  a 
few  considerations  relative  to  die  disbanding  of 
he  soldiery.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  revolu- 
lonary  American  war,  certain  tracts  of  land 
granted  to  particular  regiments ;  the  lotsr 
ere  divided  m  an  uncleared  state  to  the  sol- 
iers  who  were  discharged,  to  cultivate,  sell,  or 
%idon  them,  as  they  thought  proper.     \few 

the  more  industrious  cleared  and  cultivated 
Icir  land,  and  either  they  or  their  descendants 
•e  now  opulent  farmers  ;  while  the  far  greater 
oportion  either  cleared  a  sufficient  quota  to 
tabhsh  their  tide,  and  then  sold  the  property, 
rdse  abandoning  it  altogether,  suffered  it  again 
)escheat  to  the  Grown.  Thus  the  benevolent 
ksigns  of  government  were  defeated,  and  the 
rogress  of  cultivation  by  no  means  bore  a  pro- 
ortion  to  the  liberality  of  the  government,  or 
nlie  number  of  the  grants. 

These  defects  might  be  easily  remedied  by 
nploying  the  embodied  labour  of  a  whole  re- 
linent,  or  detachment,  on  the  entire  grant  of 
H  till  the  whole  was  cleared,  and  then  di- 
aing  it  to  each  individual  by  lot  as  before 
commended.  By  this  arrangement,  obedience 
ould  stimulate  to  labour,  while  the  prospect 
f  speedy  enjoyment  would  cheer  it.     The  im- 


I 


iiij) 


.;6-....  J,: 


hi  I 


140 


COLONIAL    POLICY,  &C. 


pulse  would  be  powerful,  and  the  effect  surJ 
prising ;  more  land  would  be  cleared  by  such 
corps  in  one  year,  than  by  the  same  number  oj 
'.idividuals,  as  such,  in  twelve  ;  and  a  man  who 
might  be  too  indolent  to  clear  land,  and  fej 
trees  alone,  might  yet  have  industry  suftcicnj 
to  cultivate  the  iand  when  cleared. 

As  an  mstanoe  of  the  rapid  progress  of  clear] 
ing  land  by  a  numerous  body  of  men  workinJ 
in  concert,  the  colony  of  Berbice  might  be  ad] 
ducfd.  That  colony  was  cleared  and  settle 
full  three  quarters  of  a  mile  into  the  interior 
for  near  sixty  miles,  extending  along  the  sa 
coast  and  the  shores  of»  the  rivers  Berbice  sui 
Corantain,  in  the  space  of  seven  years.  Thiti 
the  labour  was  performed  by  negroes,  while  tha 
performed  by  the  whites  in  a  congenial  ciimat 
would  be  as  three  to  one  in  favour  of  the  latto 
Besides,  this  clearance,  without  any  exceptior 
required  draining,  which  was  effected  by  \\ 
<iigging  of  a  dike,  or  fosse,  nine  feet  wide,  ar 
six  deep,  completely  round  each  lot  of  a  thou 
sand  acres,  or  the  part  intended  to  be  cleared 
A  high  mound  was  also  to  be  throwji  up,  wit] 
the  soil  excavated  from  the  dike ;  in  additioj 
to  which,  cokers  or  floodgates  were  made,  anh 
the  clearance  of  the  roots  was  completed  througlj 
out.  What  then  might  not  be  acconpHshej 
by  a  body  of  one  thousand  men,  labouring  i| 
unison,  where  lio  sach  obstacles  existed,  ar 
where  it  was  necessary  to  g-^ub  the  roots  frc 
only  about  a  h;uf  of  each  lot ! 


i    &  i 


M 


»F    GAZAT    BRITAIN. 


141 


The  Author  would  then  advise,  as  a  genera^ 
ie*<sure,  that  instead  of  disbanding  soldiers  at 
oinc,  in  future  all  regiments  intended  to  be  fe- 
nced should  be  sent  to  one  of  the  four  provin- 
»,  especially  upper  Canada  or  New  Bruns- 
irick,  there  to  employ  themselves  in  the  man^ 
jjer  now  ttated.     Various  benefits  would  arise 
'()in  this  disposition  of  our  military  force ;  but 
-licularly  it  wculo  pour  a  large  accession  of 
Wgth  into  our  colonies,  which  demand  from 
k  flft  iui  imperious  duty,  that  they  should  be 
-^dered  capab'^e  of  resbting  future  hostile  en- 
achments.    These  old  soldiers  would  not 
dy  be  instrumental  in  strengthening  the  fron- 
p:  by  their  own  personal  prowess,  but  their 
TJStructions  would  t*  extremely  valuable.     It 
4ould  be  made  one  condition  by  which  they 
btaincd  their  discharge,  that  each  settler  should 
"•"  and  exercise  in  the  use  of  arms  all  his 
sons  above  the  age  of  thirteen,  together 
nth  those  of  six  neighbouring  families,  once 
Ueast  in  eveiy  two  months  unless,  prevented 
Ibjr  actual  sickness,  under  a  stated  penalty  for 
jevery  instances  of  neglect.     This  would  obviate 
llhc  necessity  of  tlie  vexatious  training  of  the 
lailitia,  which  in  the  event  of  war  bcirs  so  hard 
loQ  the  farmers.     The  Aul'ior  has  known  a 
jH'hole  company  marched  forty  miles  to  a  field 
linspection,  in  Nova  Scotia,  gi*eatly  to  the  preju- 
jdice  of  the  indivit'     s,  from  expense,  fatigue, 
\m  loss  of  time. 


'lit 


m 


III 

"  if; 


II 


i.i' 


142 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


a 


Another  very  important  advantage,  arisir 

from  the  adoption  of  these  measures,  would  L 

the  strong  incentive  to  enlisting  in  the  army] 

If  the  British  government  held  out  these  reward 

in  connexion  with  the  present  bounty,  number* 

would  embrace  the  proposals  gladly.     But  fa 

this  powerful  stimulus,  the  United  States  could 

not  have  raised  a  military  foixje  at  all,  durinj 

the  late  war;  while,  by  means  of  it,  they  iij ! 

short  time  mustered  a  pretty  formidable  bodj 

of  troops.     Why  then  should  we  not  profit  b) 

this  example,  and  improve  upon  it  to  the  ut 

most  possible  extent?  The  soldiers  could  no^ 

think  themselves  aggrieved,  by  being  disband) 

ed  sp  far  from  their  native  country^  »ince  thej 

would  individually  possess  the  right  to  sel 

their  estates,  immediately  on  being  put  in  posl 

session,  provided  they  chose  to  return  to  thiJ 

side  of  the  Atlantic ;  and  purchasers  of  cleare 

lands  could  readily  be  found,  while  the  soldit. 

would  have  no  re$son  to  be  dissatisfied  on  leav] 

iiig»  Canada  with  a   prqpeiity  9f,foi|r  9f:,Jyj 

hundred  pounds. 


;>|'_int» 


..i:.!'-.f 


', -,,,•'. 


Some  may  object  to  thus  draining  the  j  .othe 
country  of  her  population,  on  the  ground  of  it 
diminishing  the  national  strength;  b.utitshoul^ 
be  recollected,  that  by  irrigating  the  colonie 
with  the  ovciflowings  of  th^  people,  that  strength 
which  is  lost  at  home,  we  transfer  to  a  situatioij 
best  adapted  for  our  own  defence.  Canada  ij 
the  rampart  of  Britain :  we  must  guard  her  im| 


' :  r 


OP    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


143 


ortant  frontier  from  a  recurrence  of  such  hos- 
Ble  attacks  as  have  lately  been  so  successfully 
ksisted ;  and  this  is  rendered  the  more  neces- 

ly,  as  the  major  part  of  those  who  have  emi- 

ated  from  this  country  to  the  United  States 
lum  w,th  resentment  for  supposed  injuries; 
Ijdare,  if  possible,  more  inveterate  enemies  to  ' 
he  parent  state  than  their  instructors.     These 

iracters  compose  the  principal  strength  of  the 
American  regular  army,  and  constitute  a  great 
.roportion  of  the  population  of  Tenessee,  Ken- 
ucky,  Ohio,  Indiana,  &c.;  whose  militia,  du- 
hng  the  late  war,  were  more  active  than  those 
bf  any  other  state.     Besides  which,  the  three 

Wdier  on  his  discharge,  are  appointed  from 
fcstricts  which  he  not  only  contiguous  to  our 
Canadian  frontier,  but  to  the  Indian  nations. 
Thus  a  population  of  soldiers,  who,  in  addition 
p  •!?7  ^^Pf "^"ce,  are  the  veiy  dregs  of 
e  British  people,  and  who  have  either  desert, 
trom  the  army  and  navy,  or  escaped  the 
lumshment  of  their  crimes,  by  eloping  to  Ame- 
r'  T  P°f  ^"^  '"  situations,  menacing  both 
If  th^  lirdLnr""  ''''^''"^^''  ^""^  ^^^  independence 

But  should  anyone  still  doubt  the  propriety 

thavmg  recourse  to  strong  measures  for  the 

lefence  of  Canada,  let  him  reflect  on  the  great 

fixiety  displayed  by  the  Americans,  to  profit 

fy  our  oversights  and  geographical  ignorance 

Q 


ifru 


I     t:i 


!  ,   f 


i  i 


IV 


'   ^'  f  I  J'l 


I 


.-3^^-,.i-;,v.,..- 


144 


COLONIi^L    POLICY 


in  the  treaty  of  1783,   which  then  most  injul 
diciously  gave  the  Americans  half  the  lakes  On 
tario  and  Erie.  For  instead  of  drawing  a  straigh 
line  to    the    river   Mississippi,  which  woulj 
have  included  Lakes  Huron,   Michigan,  an] 
Superior,  it  most  impolitically  diverged  at 
acute  angle,   from  the  western  point  of  La,^ 
Erie,  through  the  middle  of  Lakes  Huron  an] 
Superior ;  and  thus  was  the  enemy  enabled  t 
establish  posts  and  a  numerous  military  popii 
lation  on  our  flank,  enjoying  over  us  all  the  aq 
vantages  an  invader  could  at  any  time  desir 
Dear  bought  experience  in  the  late  war,  h 
given  us  a  practical  illusti-atipn  of  the  fatal  el 
fects  that  have  resulted  from  their  thus  haviif 
it  in  their  power  to  combine  an  army  on  shoj 
with  a  hostile  fleet  upon  the  Lakes.     The  enj 
my  also  obtained  the  whole  of  Lake  Champlaij 
aflfording  them  equal  facilities  for  an  attacl 
either  on  Montreal  or  Quebec;  and  besides! 
this,  the  boundary  line  which  commenced 
the  north-west  angle  of  Nova  Scotia,  intersec 
ed  Arestook,  a  branch  of  the  river  St,  Joh 
which   is  the  only  line  of  communication 
winter,  between  the  cities  of  St.  John,  and  Qu 
bee.     Now  at  this  period  the  river  St.  LaJ 
rence  being  frozen,  and  the  navigation  of 
gulf    dangerous.  Government  despatches 
sent  from  the  latter  place  overland  ;  and  the  col 
rier,  before  he  can  pass  from  the  one  provinl 
to  the  other,   must  cross  about  fifteen  milj 
of  the   territory  of  the  United   States,  whJ 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


145 


Ls  intersects  the  communication,  and  giv,^^ 
khem,  when  at  war,  a  power  of  depriving  tlit 
iBritish  of  all  intercourse  with  Canada  for  six 
linonths  in  the  year.  The  inhabitants  of  the 
Iprovinces  expected  that  the  late  definitive  treaty 
fcould  have  corrected  the  error  of  the  former, 
bnd  restored  these  important  frontiers ;  but  as 
Wiis  has  not  been  done,  it  becomes  our  impc- 
Irious  duty  to  exert  all  the  energies  of  the  na- 
Ition,  by  planting  settlements  to  secure  what  we 
Ihave.  ^      ,^ 

No  more  must  American  fleets,  manned  with 
picked  seamen,  triumph  over  the  inexperience 
of  a  handful  of  provincials,  and  a  few  soldiers 
"ighting  on  an  uncongenial  element :  no  more 
tiust  a  General  Hull  be  allowed  to  proclaim, 
I"  Canada  is  in  my  possession,  and  all  white 
l«  men  fighting  by  thfe  side  of  Indians  shall  be 
rput  to  death:"  no  more  must  our  villages 
l)e  doomed  to  conflagration  and  pillage,   and 
|the  women  and  children  banished  their  habi- 
tations, and  amidst   the   terrors  of  night,  the 
horrors  of  a  Canadian  winter,  to  perish  in  the 
Isnow.     These  scenes  of  desolation,  too  atro- 
s  to  be  palliated,  too  notorious  to  be  denied, 
lust  never  again  occur  in  Canada.     She  must 
lassume  an  imposing  attitude,  and  overawe  in- 
jvasion ;  for  nothing  but  a  consciousness  of  in- 
lability  to  make  an  impression,  will  prove  a  rc- 
Istraint  on  American  ambition. 


I 


'l;N 


li   I  |l 


146 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


It  i 


In  order  the  more  effectually  to  realize  this 
grand  scheme  of  national  policy,  it  would  be  re.| 
quisite  to  introduce  women  in  sufficient  numJ 
bers  for  the  men^andby  some  wise  regulationsl 
to  promote  marriages  between  them.    For  this! 
purpose  the  wives  and  female  connexions  off 
all  emigrants  of  the  second  and  third  class,  who 
chose  to  follow  their  friends,  should  be  assured! 
of  their  being  enabled  to  join  them  in  their  setJ 
tlements.     Meanwhile,  if  any  were  left  destiJ 
tute  by  the  embarkation  of  the  emigrants,  theyf 
ought  to  be  taken  under  the  protection  of  the 
country,  and  when  it  appeared  suitable  to  sen^ 
them,  a  free  passage  should  be  provided,  as  ak 
for  an  unmarried  female,  as  a  servant  to  each] 
This   would   be  found   highly  advantageous 
to  the  settlers,  who  being  put  in  possessipn  ol 
cleared  farms,  would  be  in  a  condition  to  rej 
quire  female  aid. 

In  addition  to  this  organized  system  of  coloJ 
nization  by  the  government,  it  would  be  propej 
to  permit  the  emigration  of  all  persons  so  inJ 
clined  in  the  ordinary  way  :  and  for  this  pur] 
pose  a  modification  of  the  register  act  should 
take  place,  as  far  as  relates  to  the  regulation] 
of  emigration,  and  the  quantity  of  provisions  fo3 
each  passenger.  As  a  measure  of  precaution 
to  prevent  emigration  to  the  United  States,  thi 
act  of  the  British  legislature  stands  unrivalled 
in  political  acumen.  We  must  not  diminish] 
but  increase  the  restrictions  on  that  pemiciouJ 


¥-■•• 


ttr   OBEAT    BaiTAlN. 


147 


practice;  a  practice  so  fatal  to  us,  so  salutary 
to  our  enemies.  But  where  the  object  is  6o>u, 
fide  to  proceed  to  the  northern  pfovinces,  it 
would  be  quite  fair  and  expedient  to  relieve 
masters  of  vessels  from  those  h<»vy  bonds,  bv 
which  they  are  compelled  to  provide  oatmeal, 
rice,  molasses,  &c.  for  each  passenger,  in  such 
large  quantities,  as  almost  to  amount  to  a  total 
prohibition  of  taking  them  out  at  all;  and  only 
to  bind  the  captains  to  provide  sufficient  food 
of  the  same  quantity  as  that  given  to  seamen! 
wfuch  would  amply  secure  the  emigrants  from 

If  any  should  object  to  this,  as  giving  facility 
0   mimu&cturers  and   mechanics  to   esca« 
through  the  provinces  to  the  United  StatesX 
answer  is,  that  care  must  be  taken,  not  to  'o^r 
i^t  any  one  to  embark  until  his  name  has  ^en 
affixed  to  the  list  of  emigrants,  stating  tS 
Ume  and  place  of  embarkation,  with  theVm^ 
of  the  ship  &c.     These  lists  should  be  posted 
up  in  every  market  and  manu&cturing  t^wn  in  ' 
the  kingdom,  and  a  reward  of  five  euinies 
diould  be  ofteted  to  any  person  X  Cd 
detect  any  mechanic  appearing  in  the  list.    In 
[addition  to  which,  an  oath  should  be  required 

llTt*':?"'''"''.'''"''"^  ^''  circumstances 
<md  destination ;  and  instead  of  permitting  con. 

Slant  departures,  it  should  be  proper  to  limit 

not  the  number,  but  the  time  ^f  embarkatbn' 

I  Jppomtmg  certain  ports  in  Great  Britain,  from 

(t.2 


m^ 


I 


148 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


"i  I 


t*  I 


, 


which  alone  emigration,  dive??ted  of  the  re. 
straints  of  the  register  act,  should  be  allowed. 
As  a  further  safe- guard,  passports  should  be 
given  to  every  emigrant  of  each  class,  stating  the 
particulars  of  their  departure ;  and  the  provinciul 
legislatures  should  be  directed  to  adopt  internal 
regulations  of  greater  efficacy  than  those  at 
present  in  force,  respecting  egress  from  the 
country  At  present,  it  is  only  requisite  for 
persons  to  affik  their  names  in  the  Secretaries 
office,  fourteen  days  previous  to  their  depar. 
ture.  This  is  intended  to  guard  against  the 
fraudulent  escapes  of  debtors,  but  is  easily 
evaded,  for  the  Secretary's  office  is  so  little  fre. 
quented,  that  a  debtor  might  comply  with  every 
requisition,  and  obtain  his  passports,  without 
the  creditor  having  the  slightest  knowledge  of  I 
the  matter.  It  would  therefore  be  necessary 
in  future  instances,  ■  that,  besides  having  the 
names  posted  as  heretofore,  copies  of  the  Se. 
cretary's  list,  with  the  date  of  the  signatures, 
should,  foT  greater  publicity,  be  affixed  weekly 
to  the  doors  of  the  churches,  the  town  or  court] 
house,  and  in  the  market  of  the  capital  of  each  j 
province. — Persons  coming  from  the  United 
States  by  sea  or  land,  should  be  required  to 
give  in  their  names,  and  receive  a  passport,  at 
the  first  seaport  or  frontier  town  at  which  tliey  j 
may  arrive. 

These  regulations  would  be  no  obstruction 
to  the  honest  traveller,  whose  views  oemg  just^ 


f 


ted  of  the  re. 
ild  be  allowed. 
Drts  should  be 
ilass,  stating  the 
d  the  provincinl 
)  adopt  internal 

than  those  at 
jress  from  the 
y  requisite  for 
the  Secretary^ 
to  their  depar. 
ard  against  the 
but  is  easily 
i  is  so  little  fre. 
iply  with  every 
jports,  without 
t  knowledge  of 
e  be  necessary 
ies  having  the 
pics  of  the  Se. 
the  signatures, 
affixed  weekly 

town  or  court 
capital  of  each  I 
)m  the  United 
be  required  to 
i  a  passport,  at  I 
i  at  which  tliey  I 


OF  GRBAT  BRITAIK. 


149 


I  could  stand  investigation.  But  it  is  most 
jlikely  that  the  small  proportion  of  mechanics 
I  who  may  arrive  in  Canada,  would  gladly  remain 
there,  and  change  their  occupation  for  the  pur- 
suits of  agriculture,  even  in  opposition  to  the 
influence  of  American  emissaries. 


i' 


1 


i 


p  liii  ii 


no  obstruction 
ewsoemgjust) 


*. 


CHAP.  XX. 


I 


I  ON  THE  POUCY  OP  PERMITTING  EMIGRATION'S  PROM 
FOREIGN  COUNTRIES  TO  OUR  COLONIES,  UNDER  THE 
SAME  REGULATIONS  AS  THOSE  FROM  GREAT  BRI- 
TAIN. 


^m 


in 


IT  i»  hoped  that  the  necessity  of  permitting 
emigration  on  the  broadest  scale  to  take  place 
from  Great  Britam  to  her  provinces  has  been 
made  apparent,  for  the  purpose  both  of  increas- 
ing thejr  Strength,  and  relieving  the  poor  of 
the  parent  state.  It  is  now  the  Author's  wish 
to  show,  that  it  will  be  sound  policy  to  permit 
Europeans  in  general  to  emigrate  in  the  same 
manner,  in  aid  of  the  first  mentioned  purpose. 

Experience  proves  that  settlements  of  for- 
eigners may  exist  in  the  heart  of  a  British  pro- 
vince, not  only  without  the  introduction  of  any 
thing  unpleasant,  but  even  with  the  greatest  ad- 
vantage to  the  community  at  large.     These, 


I  ill! 


i'' 


M 

m 


iS2 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


while  they  preserve  among  themselves  most 
It  not  all  their  national  distinctions,  habits,  and 
language  yet  soon  imbibe,  in  common  with 
others  of  different  local  distinctions,  a  love  for 
the  country  that  supports  them.  In  peace  thev 
contribute  largely  to  its  cultivation,  in  war  thev 
are  its  resolute  defenders.  Interest,  that  pow. 
ertul  bond  of  society,  attaches  them  to  the  na- 
tion  under  whose  auspices  they  flourish. 

It  is  not  Great  Britain  alone  that  has  yielded 
supplies  of  population  to  the  United  States' 
they  have  invited  ^nd  entertained  emigrants 
trom  all  nations :  why  then  should  we  not  imi- 
tate  this  policy,  which  has  proved  so  highly 
beneficial  to  them.     We  have  it  in  our  power! 
to  offer  greater  inducements  than  our  rivals! 
and  when  a  man  is  to  be  engaged  in  manual  la! 
bour,  of  what  consequence  is  it  whether  he  1 
speak  the  English  or  the  German  language? 
Let  Government  therefore  appoint  agents  on 
the    continent  of  Europe,    vested   with  full 
powers  to  invite  able  bodied  men,  with  their 
wives   and   families,   to  embark  for  the  pro- 
vmces,  under  the  same  regulations  as  those  al. 
ready  proposed  for  Brirish  subjects;  thus  adJ 
ding  strength  to  our  provinces,  and  at  the  same 
time  preventing  as  much  as  possible  any  acl 
cession  to  that  of  the  American  United  States. , 

It  may  not  be  impertinent  here  to  direct  thei 
public  attention  to  existing  instances  of  foreign  I 


*  I 

m  ex 


OP    GREAT    BRITAIN, 


15S 


settlements  in  our  possessions.    In  Nova  See 
da,  there  are  two  large   townships,*   named 
Malagath,  and  Lunenburgh,  besides  scattered 
farms,   entirely   inhabited   by  Dutchmen   and 
Germans;  ivhose  industry,  sobriety,  honesty, 
and   plain   dealing,    are   conspicuous,  and   to 
whom  the  market  of  Halifax  Is  principally  in- 
debted  for.  a  supply  of  vegetables,  which  they 
raise  both  of  a  good  quality  and  in  great  quan- 
titles,  keeping  market  boat,,  or  shallops,  con- 
tinually plying  btiween    their  farms  and    the 
town,  which  is  situated  on  a  peninsula,  con- 
taining a  few  .,cres  of  good  soil,  improved  and 
fertilized  by  sea  and  other  manure ;   while  the 
surrounding  country,   on  both  sidea  of  the  es 
tiiary  that  forms  the  harbour,  is  poor  and  rocky, 
yielding  comparatively  nothmg,  and  in  short  is 
uncleared.     But   whoever   visits   the   Halifax 
market   wharfs,    will   discover  proofs   of  the 
greatest  abundance,  and  not  unfrequently  from 
ten  to  thirty  Malagath  boats,  of  about  forty  or 
liity  tons  each.     The  convenience  of  this  to  a 
town  so  situated  is  very  great,  as  all  the  provi. 
sions  conie  from  distant  parts  of  the  province.— 
n  New  Brunswick,  the  township  of  Dorches- 
ter,  and  the  banks  of  the  river  Poticodiac,  to  a 
I  considerable  extent,  are  peopled  by  the  descen- 

*  ny  a  township,  in  the  American  accep'ion,  is  meant 
an  extensive  di.  :,ict,  of  ten  or  twenty  miles  s^^ure  ei 
!  a-  pvoplod,  or  intended  to  be  so.  4      c,  ci 


J/l 


f> 


1 


/•„ 


ti 


.  fui 


h 


i 


I!  .    t   I 
I 


154 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


tt? 


!      ) 


fi! 


less  i 
.tupei 


dants  of  the  original  French  settlers,  who  retainL 
their  language,  with  the  manners  and  Hress  a{lregar( 
the  last  ag-e.  But  notwithstanding  these  ^     ' 
distinctions,  they,   equally   wjth   the   . 
thers,  considered  themselves  bound  in  hcviC 
and   allegiance  to   Great    Britain,    and  were 
prompt  and  zealouo  in  the  dischaige  of  milita- 
ry  duty  throughout  the  late  wai;  and  like  them 
too,  their  industry  is  visible  in  the  calture  oi 
the  soil. 


Numerous  other  instances  might  be  adduced 
but  these  are  sufficient  to  prove  the  fact,  thai 
foreigners  may  become  valuable  British  sub 
jects.  In  planting  settlements  of  foreigners, 
care  should  however  be  taken  to  place  them 
distant  from  the  frontier  as  possible ;  thus  effec 
tually  removing  every  scruple  as  to  their  loyal 
ty,  and  because  it  is  certainly  better  to  line  the 
frontier  entirely  with  native  British. 


These  are  points  which  it  is  hoped  govern- 
ment will  take  into  serious  consideration.  Mo- 
ney  thus  expended  would  not  be  misapplied 
for  the  nation  must  be  told  again  and  again 
that  the  provinces  are  her  bulwarks,  and  thai 
her  vital  interests  are  sacrificed  the  moment  the 
are  conquered.  Would  to  God  the  author  hai 
power  to  persuade  this  country  to  adopt  th 
sentiments  and  politics  of  her  provinces  !  Bri 
tain  is  dazzled  by  her  glories  in  Europe,  an( 


CY 

tiers,  who  retain 
ers  and  Hress  ej 
tig  these "  ' 
:h  the  . 
jound  in  hcuc 
tain,  and  were 
haige  of  milita. 
•;  and  like  them 
n  the  calture  oi 


ight  be  adduced 
/e  the  fact,  that 
ble  British  sub 
s  of  foreigners, 
;o  place  them 
iblc;  thuseffec 
IS  to  their  loyal 
tetter  to  line  the 
itish. 


hoped  govern. 
ideration.   Mo 

be  misapplied 
^ain  and  again 
warks,  and  thai 
he  moment  the 
I  the  author  hai 
ry  to  adopt  th 
jrovinces  !  Bri 
in  Europe,  an( 


O?    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


155 


regardr  American  affairs  with  indifference. 
jAlas !  how  fatal  a  propensity  !  her  eyes  should 
bedireced  to  an  enemy,  alike  inveterate  in 
ace  or  war;  an  enemy  that  will  triumph,  un- 
less immediately  restrained  by  vigorous  and 
.tupejidouii  efforts. 


R 


I 


lV|  K' 


M 


in 


?  ^'  til 


■!.! 


h 

'i 

M 


It 


CHAP.  XXL 


ON  THE  WEST  INDIES. 

Theu-  importance  shown ;— Some  parUcular  productions  called  in. 
to  notice  ;~The  expediency  of  increasing  the  white,  and  ame- 
iiorating  the  condition  of  the  mulatto  population  ;~AdvantagCs 
of  clearing  the  Island  of  Trinidad  as  a  Granary  for  Uie  whole;— 
With  hint*  on  the  propriety  of  altering  certain  Custom  House 
regulations. 


llT  is  not  now  necessary  to  enter  into  minute 
details,  in  order  to  show  that  the  British  pos- 
sessions  in  the  West  Indies  are  beneficial  to 
the  mother  country.  That  has  been  incontro- 
veriibly  proved  by  Bryan  Edwards  and  others. 
The  author  will  therefore  confine  his  observa- 
tions to  subjects  connected  with  American 
nvalship. 

The  articles  of  cotton  wool,  tobacco,  and 
I  rice,  are  staples  of  American  produce,  from 
whence  they  have  derived  very  considerable 
wealth.  The  following  statement  of  the  quan- 
tity imported  into  the  ports  of  Clyde  alone, 
will  clearly  exhibit  the  value  of  these  commodi^. 
ties  to  this  country. 


i  I  (? 


ad 

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J 

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1     '•    t 

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'' 

1 

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1 

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u 

u 

I* 


158 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


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s  ^^ 


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00 


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III     LHU.H.I     Wl'.  gU    mt    I 


0»  5  53  Q  <Q  qp  T,j 

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R  2 


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11^ 


i  ' , 


160 


COLONIAL   POLier 


Those  commodities  coul<J  be  very  soob 
produced  by  the  West  Indies,  in  such  gbiHiJ 
dance  as  te  render  es  ii^dependent  of  Americ 
We  ought  therefore  to  consult  our  own  interest 
by  imitating  her  poHcy,  an<il  imposing  heavy  duJ 
ties  on  their  importatipn  ffom,  her  states. 

The  Georgia  cotton  is  by  ^omc  affirmed  to 
be   superior  to  that  of  We^t  India  growth) 
though  by  others  the  fact  is  ipu^h  questioncdl 
The  superiority  of  the  iHtiiele  in  general,  howj 
ever,  is  equally  attributed]  to  the  species,  ^^ 
mode  of  curing  the  wool>  and  tjtie  pecutiaFrtj 
of  soil  and  climate.     The  American  cotton  ij 
an  annualy  the  West  Indiaji,  a  perennial  plant 
If  this  circumstance  occasioned  a  difference  in 
the  quality,  it  might  be  soon  obviated  by 
ohani^e  of  species.    As  the  islands  and  Gruiana 
colonies  comprise  various  soils,  a  cl^oice  of  sit] 
uation  may  be  made,  adapted  to  the  quaUtv 
of  the  cotton  intended  <jo  be  raised.  The  Am\ 
riean  growth  is  of  two  kinds,  the  Sea  I$landJ 
and  the  Upland  ;  the  former  growing  on  the  sea 
coast,  the  latter  inland.     Now,  the  sea  coast  oj 
Guiana  being  a  deep  strong  soil,  produces 
a  ranker  and  perhaps  a  coarser  cottpn  than  thd 
Sea  Island,  which  grows  on  a  sandy  soil ;  buj 
there  is  inland,  a  rajige  of  sandy  hills,  runniiii 
parallel  to  the  sea  coast  of  Berbice,  where  cqi] 
of  a  quality,  superior  even  to  the  Aiiierica©  upj 
laod,  woujd  in  aU  probability  grow. 


or    CREAl    BlXrAIK. 


161 


Tfce  dcstinatioa  of  the  colonies  of  Berbice, 
Surinam,  and  Demerary,  have  not  yet  been 
made  public ;  and  it  is  therefore  uncertain, 
whether  they  wHl  be  restored  to  the  Dutch,  or 
ceded  to  us,*  The  latter  is  most  desirable, 
and  it  would  be  better  to  purchase  them,  even 
at  a  considerable  price,  as  their  loss  would  be 
severely  felt,  there  being  not  less  than  five  or 
si%  millions  of  British  capital  vested  in  the 
whole ;  but  in  the  event  of  our  losing  po6sesj> 
»ion,  the  other  islands  aire  competevit  to  a  sufll. 
cient  supply,  and  under  proper  xegulations  the 
quality  may  afeo  be  improper. 

Tobacco  is  an  article  which  the  West  Indies 
are  decidedly  better  calculated  to  produce  in 
perfection,  than  Virginia  itself.     The  produce 
of  Cub^  is  universally  celebrated.     Though 
this  island  is  not  British  property,  it  proves  the 
fact  now  stated ;  and  the  reason  why  tobacco 
has  not  been  so  generally  cultivated  as  sidgar, 
is  because  at  an  early  period  of  the  colonial 
system,  the  trade  was  secuj^ed  to  the  province;^ 
now  the  United  States,     Im  process  of  time 
predilections  and  local  habits  of  planting  sugax 
and  tobaec€>,  universally  obtained,  and  the  ef- 
fect is  still  fek.     But  let  a  powerfol  stinaula^ 
be  applied,  and  the  planters  be  instructed  intiic 
mode  of  curing  tobacco,  we  shall  then  have  no 
reason  to  be  in  any  measure  dependant  on  the 
States  for  this  article  of   Imtury,  which  has 

•  See  Note  A  a^  thft  cn4> 


1 

'1 

'tl 

!      1 

:  j  1 


! 


11 


W\ 


m 


III 


m 


i;i 


H-'i 


J'^-'Aiw  ■■■ 


i  17 


11       V 


162 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


been  ronstitutcd  such  by  the  inveterate  habits 
of  the  people. 

Rice  may  be  furnished  by  the  Guiana  colo- 
nies, equal  if  not  superior  in  quality,  to  the 
very  best  Carolina.     Th<;  Author  has  tisttd 
some  that  was  produced  on  a  plantation  in  the 
river  Sarramacea,  in  Surinam :  also  some  that 
was  raised  by  the  independent  Bush  Indians,  in 
the  interior;  and  the  qualities  ot  each  were  ex- 
cellent.    He  remarked  its  extreme  whiteness, 
the  sense  with  which  it  boiled,  the  plump  and 
large  appearance  of  the  boiled  grain,  and  the 
gelatinous  taste,   indicating  an  abundance  of 
nutriment.     The  Bush  negroes  raise  consider, 
able  quantities  for  their  own  use,  and  exchange 
large  quantities  for  salt,  at  Paramaribo.     The 
planter  who   gave   the  Author  the  specimen 
above  noticed,  cultivated  it  for  an  exptriment, 
and  was  of  opinion  that  Surinam  alone  could 
furnish  sufficient  for  the  consumption  of  Great 
Britain.     And  if  one  colony  could  effect  this,  a 
superabundance  would  be  raised  from  this  in 
connexion  with  the  other  three,  embracing  a 
swampy  coast  of  near  five  hundrt  d  miles  in  ex- 
tent.    It  is  well  known,  that  a  marine  swamp 
impregnated  with  salt  is  best  adapted  to  the 
growth  of  rice  ;  and  it  is  worthy  of  observation, 
that  the  specimens  alluded  to  had  not  the  ad- 
vantages of  such  favourable  soil.     If  rice  of 
superior  quality  is  produced  in  the  most  ineli- 
gihle  situations,  vhat  might  not  be  expected 
from  the  prime  districts  ? 


ivetcrate  habits 


0»  CMfiAT    BRITAIN. 


163 


\^. 


n. 


Independent  of  the  ooftst,  there  are  numerous 
Lmall  islands  jn  the  river  Corantain,  hrgc 
lenougfh  for  a  plantation,  and  peculiarly  adapted 
Jto  the  growth  of  rice,  being  inundated  about  six 
linches  at  springtides:  of  course,  with  proper 
llood  gates  and  embankments,  any  desirable 
Iquantity  of  water  might  b#^  admitted  to  irrigate 
Ithe  land.  But  supposing  Guiana  to  be  resto* 
Ifed  to  the  Dutch,  it  would  be  better  to  give 
Ithem  encouragement  to  raise  this  article,  by 
limporting  it  of  them  free  of  duty,  and  impo. 
Ising  one  of  twenty  Jive  per  cent,  ad  valorem^ 
Ion  rice  imported  from  the  states.  Or,  if  it  be 
Ithought  more  expedient  to  cultivate  it  our- 
Ijclves,  we  have  abundance  oS  uncleared  land, 
lin  Trimdad  and  tlsewherc,  equally  adapted  to 
llts  growth  as  the  soils  that  produced  the  Suri* 
liam  specimens;  and  there  is  no  doubt  that 
Ithe  West  india  planters  would  supply  ou* 
Iwants^  if  preper  encouragement  were  giv^ 
|(hem« 

Should  these  hints^be  attended  to»  it  would 
jbe  advisable  to  engage  the  services  of  those  fur 
Igitive  negroes,  who  absconded  from  the  plan- 
|terions  in  the  Delaware  and  Chesapeake,  and 
Iwho  are  now  in  Nova  Scotia  asBritjsK  free 
Isubjects,  These  men  are  well  acquainted  with 
Ithe  American  mode  of  treating  theae  staples ; 
land  it  would  therefore  be  sound  pelicy  for  the 
I  West  India  planters  to  hire  tfiem  as  overseers : 
Itheir  liberties  being  duly  guaranteed,  the  men 
would  no  doubt  readily  eiodbra^  the  proposals, 


,!)' 


, — .',..  .i-j 


164 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


as  a  cold  climate  is  by  no  means  congenial  to 
their  feelings.  But  the  principal  dijSculty  of 
procuring  them  is,  that  in  some  particular  in. 
stances,  they  are  under  personal  engagements 
to  serve  for  a  limited  term  :  but  as  their  pro. 
portion  of  labour  is  not  very  great,  the  masters 
Would  no  doubt  relinquish  their  services,  fori 
a  trifling  consideration.  And  the  provisions  of 
the  Slave  Trade  Abolition  Act  would  not  ap-L 
ply  to  them,  they  being  free  agents,  and,  like 
the  whites,  cntided  to  ingress  and  egress  at 
pleasure. 

Should  any  doubt  the  spirit  of  the  planter 
to  engajre  in  new  speculations,  let  them  look] 
again  to  Berbice,  where  the  rapidity  with  whicl 
cultivation  can  advance  is  clearly  proved,  and 
the  consequent  progress  of  a  new  staple  alsc 
apparent.  Heavy  duties  were  at  one  time  im- 
posed on  coitFee,  in  favour  of  the  Mocha  trade;| 
but  when  the  advantages  of  planting  it  in  the 
West  Indies  were  ascertained,  and  the  duties 
taken  off,  the  cultivation  of  the  article  extended 
widely. 

Considering  the  colonies  as  supporters  ol 
the  empire,  their  valuable  resources  should  bd 
called  into  action ;  restrictions  of  every  kind] 
except  those  relating  to  American  commerce] 
should  be  taken  off,  and  every  species  of  en] 
couragement  given  to  the  discovery  and  cultij 
vation  of  those  numerous  plants,  with  whiclf 
they  particularly  abound. 


f  -.1 


or    GREAT    BKITAIV. 


16S 


Lnd  capable  Of  producing  a  material  resembling 
fax,  the  strmgy  fibres  of  which  are  rcmarkablf 
for  their  fineness  and  strength,  and  free  of  those 
occasional  ineaualities  existing  in  the  best 
Idressed  flax.  Linen  made  of  the  cabbage  tree 
Ifibres  and  common  flax  mixed,  would  most 
■probably  improve  the  fabric  in  fineness  of  tex- 
ture,  smoothness  of  surface,  and  durability. 
II  he  Creoles  are  the  only  persons  who  use  it  as 
^  substitute  for  fine  thread,  by  extracting  the 
fibres  without  maceration,  and  drawing  the  leaf 

u    -^  %^\^  ""^^  ^"'^e  W»ied  to  the  thigh. 
Myriads  of  cabbage  trees  could  easily  be  raised; 
Qd  It  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  bad  soils  and 
5Cky  grounds  would  be  equally  eligible  for 
hem.     The  tree  is  produced  from  seed  which 
It  yields  copiously ;  and  it  is  supposed  the 
(foung  plant,  when  about  ten  feet  high,  would 
fcroduce  the  best  fibres.     The  silk>ass,  or 
hgantic  aloe,  produces  larger  fibres  than  the 
fermer,  and  they  are  used  singly  as  threads  for 
ewmg,  &c.:  their  texture  is  firm,  round,  and 
hm  shaped ;  the  colour  at  first  a  glossy  white 
K  without  bleaching,  it  becomes  in  time  a 
tale  flaxen  yellow.     This  plant  deserves  pecu- 
lar  encouragement,  as  it  is  capable  of  being 
pade  into  cordage  of  superior  elegance,  and  if 
fot  exposed  to  wet,  of  great  durability.  Though 
Bierefore  unfit  for  cables,  it  would  be  very  sui- 
pble  for  the  standing  rigging,  braces,  and  bow- 
lines of  a  ship ;  its  surface  being  smooth  and 
lompact,  would  please  the  eye,  and  not  injure 


h^ 


liMl 


l'\ 


.•  .^yfl 


166 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


!  V. 


the  seamen's  hands  s6  much  as  the  comvioril 
cordag^.  la  the  manufacture  of  whipcord  an 
ttiine,  the  silk  ^ss  would  be  found  |^eatl) 
superior,  producing  an  article  of  peouliu, 
smoothness  and  polish,  divested  of  loo&e  hk\ 
ments.  The  Author  has  seen  seme  twine  moa] 
ufactured  of  ftilk  grass,  both  by  the  Indians 
Guiana  and  the  negroes  of  Barbadoes^  far  8u<| 
perior  to  that  of  British  manufacture. 


!iev 
fret 
gur 
are 
islai 
intl 
lion 
soul 
arti( 
than 
b  h 
and 
artic 


A  remarkable  Lochicr  grows  in  every  p; 
of  the  West  Indies,  and  that  in  great  abun 
dance,  descending  in  festoons  of  consider&blJgrea 
length  from  the  branches  of  tall  trees,  particulobje 
larly  the  silk  cotton.  It  is  found  in  great  quanllf,  i 
tities  and  higher  ucilcction  in  Guiana  than  elselfrom 
^here.  The  Indians  call  it  **  Wee  weeriCi'lEast 
name  generally  applied  to  substances  of  quiolthe  I 
growth.  This  vegetable  consists  of  long  curllticul 
fibres,  wonderfully  ramified,  and  exactly  if  and 
sembling  curled  horse  hair.  These  fibres  ar|wes 
enveloped  in  a  sort  of  bristle  crust,  to  ex 
which,  simple  maceration  alone  is  neces: 
This  ardcle  is  adapted  for  all  the  purposes 
horse  hair,  as  a  stuffing  material,  with  which 
might  be  mixed  to  great  advantage,  or  evei 
used  alone. 


thai 

lonie 

ed  b 

meat 

tish 

enric 

W^es 


There  are  variotis  other  things  of  great  valiJstutei 
that  remain  unnoticed,  or  neglected^  These,  ilyield 
the  present  state  of  the  country,  sheruld  be  c Jthe  r 
plored,  and  brought  into  use.  Prohibition!^-^ 
tmi  restrictions  should  be  removed,  and 


i ' 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


167 


iiew  Staples  imported  into  this  country,  duty 
free,  for  ten  years  at  least.    The  gamboge,  the 
gum-arabic,  the  cinnamon,  and  camphpr  trees. 
are  found  to  tlirive,  both  on  the  continent  and 
islands.     A  fine  specimen  of  the  latter,  grows 
in  the  Botanic  Garden  in  Jamaica.     The  atten- 
tion of  the  Creoles  should  be  drawn  to  these 
sources  of  wealth,  especially  as  the  three  former 
articles,  bem^  produced  from  shrubs   rather 
to  trees,  might  be  raised  very  convenienUy 
in  hedge-rows,  without  occupying  much  land; 
and  experience  has  proved,  that  these  useful 
articles   can  be  procured  from  the  plants  in 
Igreat  perfection,  insomuch  that  no  well  founded 
objection  can  be  raised  against  their  quality., 
If,  m  consequence,  some  disadvantages  arise 
from  permitting  the  West,  to  participate  in  the 
East  India  trade,  by  raising  tfiese  artipl^s,  yet 
the  benefits  would  gready  preponderate,  par- 
ticularly as  it  would^  increase  the  rescoirces 
and  consequently  the  white  population,  of  the 
m^t  Indies,  and  thus  enable  them  to  consume 
the  increasing  productions  of  tlie  northern  co- 
llonies.     A  mutual  interest  would  thus  be  rais- 
ed between  them,  and  prove  a  strong  induce- 
ment  to  the  provincials  to  continue  under  Bri- 
tish  protection,  by  which  they  would  thus  be 
enriched  with  the  valuable  monopoly  of  the 
W^est  India  trade;   while  a  union  with  the 
ptutes,  or  a  precarious  independence,  would 
yield  no  equivalent.     These  are  only  a  few  of 
Jie  measures  suited  to  t^mes  of  no  common 
clanger;  for  ii>  proportion  to  the  bitterness  pf 


i 


m 


i|j 


i 


168 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


*l' 


['       ?! 


/I 


1-^   'f-.i  ■ 


American  calumny,  should  be  the  efforts  of  the  led 
Bntishnation  toamelioratethecondition  of  thosel  roi 
remote  establishments,  whose  dependence  onlpr 
the  parent  state  is  commented  on  with  acrimoJ  T\ 
nious  plausibility,  and  made  to  appear  a  badml  Jai 
of  slavery.  °  ■  • 


.i}iMC 


tlO 

he 

of 

ow 

to 

dej 


^  In  attempts  to  improve  the  condition  of  the 

West  India  planters,  they  must  concur  even  in 

some  measures  which  are  grating  to  their  preju. 

dices.     The  white  population  ought  to  bein-Butj 

creased,  especially  in  Jamaica  ;  where,  notwithJihe 

standing  the  manifest  impolicy  of  the  measure,  I  the 

many  of  the  opulent  discourage  marriage  among!  the 

the  whites,  by  refusing  to  employ  on  their  plan  J  stn 

tations.  maried  men,  as  millwrights,  masons,  I  cor 

smiths,  &;c.     Though  the  law  requires  a  given!  gro 

portion  of  whites  on  each  estate,  the  above  in.  I  nit) 

jurious  practice  multiplies  a  coloured  population  I  pric 

beyond  all  the  bounds  of  prudence ;  for  thelto 

**  Coloured  people,"  aware  of  their  numerical  I  and 

strength,  and  deeply  conscious  of  their  degraded!  Th( 

condition,  are  at  aU  times  ripe  for  rebellion.    Itlthe 

is  indeed  most  astonishing  to  witness  the  mis.|sity 

taken  policy  of  the  white  inhabitants  towards  I  whi 

the  mulattoes,  whose  numbers  must  increase! tend 

under  the  wisest  regulations;  but  whose  distinc-lmid 

tions  of  colour"  ought  to  be  lost  sight  of,  as  soonl  habi 

as  possible.     By  a  fatal  inconsistency,  however  I  of  tf 

they  first  take  great  care  to  foster  their  coloured  I  wast 

children;  and  then  discountenance  or  discard! peoj 

them  wheii  adults !   The  father  seems  ashamedlcons 

to  acknowledge  in  public  the  son  whom  he  hasjthe  i 


il 


'<*,# 


OF    GREAT   BRlTAim, 


169 


educated  with  tenderness   under  the  paternal 
roof.     The   son,  thus  abanboned,  becomes  a 
EI"5l  ^^  Pro^igacy,  dissipation,  or  despondency. 
Ihe  condition  of  a  coloured  man  in  Kingston, 
Jamaica,  is  truly  deplorable.     With  an  educa* 
tion  frequently  liberal,  and  a  mind  er  lightened, 
he  IS  debarred  the  society  of  his  relatives,  andthat 
ot  the  whites  in  general.     The  females  of  his 
own  colour  despise,  and  will  rarely  condescend 
to  live  with  him,  much  less  to  marry  him,  until 
deserted   by   some    white    protector.     He   is 
therefore  compelled  to  seek  a  partner  among 
the  negroes,  and   his  progeny  thus  revert  to 
their  original  shade,  weakening  the  white,,  and 
strengthening  the  black,  interests.     But  as  a 
constitutional  remedy  cannot  be  applied  to  this 
growing  evil,  it  is  hoped  the  dictates  of  huma- 
nity and  sound  policy  will  overcome  this  puerile 
pride  of  the  white  inhabitants,  and  induce  them 
to  admit   the   Mestees    to  all  the   privileges 
md    all    the  respect  claimed   by  themselvk 
ihe  abohtion  of  the  slave  trade,  by  stoppinff 
the  supply  of  negroes,  naturally  creates  a  neces- 
sity  tor  an  increase  of  the  white  population, 
which  the  articles  of  commerce  alluded  to  will 
tend  to  produce,  by  operating  in  favour  of  the 
middle  rank  of  planters,  that  class  of  white  in. 
habitants  who  constitute  the  principal  strength 
bt  the  islands  ;  and  thus  the  great  proportion  of 
waste  land  that  now  exists,  might  in  time  be 
peopled  by  those  who  would  prove  extensive 
consumers  of  the  manufactures  of  Britain,  and 
the  produce  of  the  provinces ;  while  thev  in  re- 


I 

V 

'■V 


4| 


t  (i  Iff 

'  t    . 
1 


■^n 


170 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


rJ 


I 


tuni  supplied  both  with  a  greater  abundance 
of  luxuries.  .avis 

In  a  former  chapter  was  shown  the  necessi- 
ty  of  a  regular  importation  of  flour,  and  the 
mode  by  which  provisions  might  be  raised 
provided  due  notice  were  given.   We  now  ob-' 
serve  that,  altliough  under  the  circumstances 
there  ifientioned,  the  measure  would  be  highly 
expedient,  yet  it  is  not  calculated  for  a  perma. 
nent  system.     The  object  of  West  India  esta- 
blishments, is  to  raise  crops  of  great  value 
%vhich  cannot  be  obtained  with  the  same  faci! 
lity  elsewhere.     The  cultivation  of  provisions 
is,  therefore,  a  minor  consideration;  and  the 
whole  of  the  estate  should  be  devoted  to  the 
production  of  the  staple.     A  diminished  crop 
not  only  lessens  the  freight,  and  diminishes  the 
duties  of  the  mother  country,  but  also  the  in- 
come  of  the  proprietor,  whose  purchases  of 
British  goods  must    decrease  in  proportion. 
These  incontrovertif)le  positions  have  been  in- 
sisted  on  by  the  advocates  of  free  trade  with 
America ;  who  have  thence  concluded  that  it 
would  be  injurious  to  prohibit  American  sup- , 
plies.     Wc  have  already  shown  the  ability  of 
the  northern  provinces  to  answer  this  demand, 
and  now  direct  the  attention  of  the  country  to 
a  remedy  against  even  a  partial  inconvenience, 
arising  from  the  experiment. 

Instead  of  reserving  one  island,  sufficiently 
to  windward  for  the  purpose  of  growing  pro- 


eater  abundance 


OF    GREAT    SRITAIX. 


171 


visions  for  the  consumption  of  the  rest,  at  the 
commencement  of  the  West  India  colonial  es- 
tabhshment,  expensive  measures  were  adopted, 
for  the  purpose  of  drawing  from  comparatively- 
small  tracts  of  land,  immense  supplies  of  rich 
staples,  by  the  employment  of  numerous  ne- 
groes.     But  this  error  must  now  be  corrected ; 
and  Trinidad  appears  favourably  situated  for 
becoming  a  granary  for  the  other  islands.  With 
a  soil  eminently  fertile,  it  possesses  the  advan. 
tage  of  large  portions  yet  unappropriated,  and 
a  situation  adapted  to  the  speedy  transportatioa 
of  us  produce,  as  well  to  Jamaica  as  to  the  other 
islands.     It  is  therefore  adviseable  that  a  colo. 
ny  be  settled  there,  subject  to  the  same  remi- 
lations  as  the  northern  provinces  ;   solely  for  the 
purpose  of  establishing  farms,  and  cultivating 
the  different  kinds  of  grain,  pulse,  and  ground 
provisions.     Settlements  of  this  kind  are  not 
expensive :  there  is  no  need  of  boiling-houses. 
sUlUhouses ;  barbicues  or  mills,  all  necessar^ 
tor  plantations.     The  poor  man  must  first  be 
contented   with  a  hut,   then  a  loghouse  and 
torm  ;  depending  for  support  entirely  on  his  W- 
bour.     Curacoa  constitues  an  epitome  of  what 
Irmidad  ought  to   be,  namely,   a  colony  of 
tormers ;  and  if  suitable  encouragements  were 
held  out,  numbers  would  emigrate  thence,  not 
only  from  Britain,  but  from  Barbadoes,  and  other 
I^rtsof  the  West  indies.  Should  this  measure  be 
objected  to,  as  involving  the  certain  destruction 
ot  great  numbers  of  the  settlers,  I  add,  that 
this  is  by  no  means  true  to  the  extent  suppo- 

s  2 


v\ 


H! 


'  '  SI 


m 


ill 

k 


'iIlM 

I'll  I 


I  i<  il 


J] 


172 


COLOMIAL    PQLICY 


all 
wh 


ers 


and 
ml 

the 


sed ;  for  it  is  rather  the  pride  of  white  men  that 

urges  them  to  employ  negro  labour,  than  posi. 

tive  mability  to  work  themselves.     There  are 

in  Barbadoes  numerous  descendants  of  the  ori. 

ginal  settlers,  who  labour  in  the  field  as  their -ci  a 

fathers  did  before  them,  and  who  appear  hardi.  I  wh 

er  and  more  healthy  than  any  other  men.     Itlagr 

was  the  facility  with  which  negroes  were  pro-lwai 

cured,  and  the  prevalence  of  example,  that  nou- 1  pre 

rished  the  opinion  of  the  impossibility  of  a  I  the 

white  man's  supporting  the  fatigues  ofagricul-lver 

ture.     Prejudice  alone  clogs  the  white  man's 

industry,  as  will  appear  from  the  well  known 

fact,  that  robust  able-bodied  Barbadians  will 

peremptorily  refuse  to  labour  in  the  field,  aU 

leging  as  a  reason,  that  it  would  be  a  disgrace  |  whs 

to  work  like  a  ''negar;''  though  they  have  no  I  of  1 

objection  to  trudge  to  Bridgetown,  with  a  load  I  rot 

of  one  or  two  hundred  weight  on  their  heads    H I  gres 

it  be  again  objected,  that  the  labouring  men  I  titie 

are  Creoles,  inured  to  the  climate  from  their  led. 

birth,  we  admit  the  fact;  yet  there  are  in  Suri-  Ibarfi 

nam  many  natwe  Hollanders  and  Germans,  who  I  won 

themselves  labour,  and  yet  preserve  health.  In|pre\ 

short,  the  author  is  persuaded  that,  provided  I  We 

the  settkrs  did  not  expose  themselves  too  much  I  ty ; 

in  the  heat  of  the  day,  there  would  be  nothing  I  froni 

to  fear.     The  causes  which  produce  the  death  I  help 

of  so  many  soldiers  and  sailors,  are  intempe- 1  cour 

raree,  and  imprudent  changes  from  heat  to  I  cour 

cold:  one  moment  they  labour  and  perspire; I whic 

tfeen  tiicy  drink,  and,  sleeping  in  the  open  airlthriv 

inish 


I  • 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


175 


4 


all  night,  in  the  morning  are  seized  with  a  fever 
I  which  carries  them  off. 

By  this  establishment  the  West  India  plant- 
ers might  obtain  constant  and  regular  supplies- 
while  m  the  common  course  of  West  Indian 
agriculture,  especially  on  the  plan  of  the  Wind- 
ward  Islands,  no   inconsiderable   quantity  of 
provisions  might  be  raised  without  injury  to 
the  growing  crops.     Plantains  would  yield  a 
I  veiy  benificial  shade  both  to  young  cotton  trees 
and  coftee;  for  which  purpose  they  are  in  gene-. 
ral  planted  in  Berbice.    Beans,  bona  vis!  &e. 
would  shade  tobacco,  and  come  off  in  time  for 
the  c<^on  crop,  &c.     Thus,  then,  partJv  bv 
7*J  ?^?,Pi^^tious  would  raise,  and  the  island 
r  Arimdad  supply  (which  supplies  might  be 
^t  weekly  if  the  weather  permitted,)    the 
^eatest  plenty  would  prevail,  and  larger  quan. 
tKies  of  the  staple  commodities  might  be  plant, 
ed.     U  this  were  once  cflfected,  Americaja  enu 
bargoes  and  wars  would  never  be  felt     It  ia 
worthy  of  remark  t^^  that  hurricanes  are  less 
prevalent  in  Trinidad,  than  in  other  parts  of  the 
West  Indies,  thus  affording  additional  seciiri« 
ty;  and  m  ordmary  times,  the  supply  of  ftour 
from  the  nortiiern  provinces  would,  with  these 
helps,  be  superabundant;  while  in  the  r^inilar 
course  of  the  farm,  the  new  settlers  wouW  of 
course  raise  cattle,  as  well  as  provisions,  for 
which  the  climat«  is  very  congenial,  as  thev 
thrive  amazingly,  both  there,  and  on  the  Spi 
lush  main.    In  Guiana,  cattle  are  reared  of  the 


^  1 


I'l 


! 


U' 


if 


174 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


i  -■' 


'.Mil 


finest  breed,  particularly  on  some  farms  on  the 
river  Corantain,  in  Demcrarv.  These,  with  the  I 
supplies  from  Jamaica,  Porto  Rico,  and  thci 
northern  provinces,  would  prove  more  than 
sufficient  for  any  demand. 


.     '3     ^lailuw,    lO 


An  attempt  was  made  some  ^ 
prove  the  practicability  of  cultiv.  Trinidad 

without  slaves,  by  planting  a  colon^  ,yf  Chincsej 
but  though  the  idea  was  good,  the  effect  did 
not  correspond  to  the  wishes  of  the  projectors, 
owing  to  the  circumstance  of  a  sufficient  num. 
ber  of  women  not  being  provided  :  for  though 
they  produced  some  admirable  specimens  of 
cultivation,  yet  the  temptations  to  a  more  in. 
dolent  mode  of  life  prevailed  on  a  body  of  men 
who  had  no  wives  or  chidren  to  prompt  them 
to  industrious  habits.     But  a  large  colony  of 
free  Chinese,  consisting  both  of  women  and 
men,  would  be  eminently  useful  in  the  pro. 
motion  of  the  scheme  here  suggested,  if  only 
as  hired  labourers;  and  the  example  of  their 
extreme  neatness  in  farming,  would  produce  a 
laudable  emulation  in  the  whites.     The  hints 
now  suggested,  may  be  acted  upon  to  an  ama- 
zing  extent.     Let  the  business  be  once  enga- 
ged in,  from  a  conviction  of  its  necessity,  and 
the  beneficial  result  will  exceed  the  most  san- 
guine expectation. 

To  give  greater  efficiency  to  such  a  system,  a  fcn^ 
rcvisal   of  some  custom-house  regulations  isF 
Jiecessary,    Vexatious  restraints  on  the  impor- 


^f 


OF    CIEAT    B^ITAIK.  ^   tfS 

ation  of  trifling  articles,  such  as  conserves  and 
Tcsenres,  injure  and  disgust  the  Creoles,  withu 
ut  benefiting  the  mother- country  in  any  adcJ 
bate  degree.  Any  person  wishing  to  send  to 
Ins  friends  in  Britain,  a  jar  of  tamarinds,  or 
Juava  jelly,  is  deterred  by  the  circumstance 
ht  the  duties  and  fees  on  importation,  would 
ctually  amount  to  more  than  the  like  quantity 
light  be  purchased  for,  in  the  shops  of  Lon- 
t)n  :  the  large  quantity  imported  for  sale,  and 
smallest  jar,  being  subject  to  nearly  the 
ame  rates.  The  Author  has  heard  this  grieva 
bee  loudly  complained  of,  in  all  parts  of  the 
Vest  Indies :  and  although  this  circumstance 
ay  appear  trifling,  it  is  a  fair  sample  Of  many 
bthers,  apparently  as  much  so,  but  which  for- 
pbly  operate  against  the  increase  of  a  middle 
blass  of  Whites,  whose  encouragement  govem- 
•nent  should  by  all  means  strive  to  promote. 

Many  ladies,  and  these  frequently  aged,  des- 
titute of  relations  or  friends,  and  every  way 
objects  of  our  commiseration,  have  been  ac- 
-istomed  to  support  themselves  by  the  aid  Of 
vo  or  three  female  negroes,  whom  they  ent- 
bloy  m  making  bread ;  while  others  purchase 
boxes  of  candles,  soap,  with  various  haber. 
dashery  articles  Sec.  which  the  women  retail  lit 
lie  streets ;  others  make  confections  and  pre- 
erves  for  home  consumption  or  exportation, 
^ow,  as  from  various  causes,  particularly  the 
sequent  reduction  of  the  large  estates  owing  to 
be  want  of  due  supplies  of  negroes,  this  class 


I  V 


t\ 


!*n 


m 


f 


li 
•  11  I 

i;; 


f:  jj 


176 


COLONIAL    POtlCV 


Of  persons  must  increase,  it  would  be  humaniof 
m  the  British  legislature  to  amend  thecustoSe 
bouse  regulations  in  question ;  permitting  thf 
common  sailors,  eaeh  to  import  into  this  coud 
tiy  any  quantity,  not  exceeding  half  a  hundred 
weight,  of  the  various  West-India  preservd 
yyfree:  also  mates  one,  and  masters  of  vessel! 

11  T^'l^  ^^'^"^^^  ^"  ^^^  '^^^^  terms.  ThH 
should  likewise  allow  all  presents  not  exi 
ceedmg  half  a  hundred  weight  to  be  sent  tj 

tZ^^"'T^T  ^'''  f  an%xpense,  exce3 
freight.  Trifling  as  these  things  may  seeiS 
they  would  be  peculiarly  gratifving  to  the  Crc 
Qles,  and  tend  much  to  conciliate  their  affec 
^oas ;  ^and  the  benefits  resulting  thercfroJ 
would  be  very  great,  si-.ce  if  sailors  wer^  ped 
niitted  to  import,  they  would  purchase  vJ 
quantities  of  these  articles,  and  thus  encouraW 
those  to  domestic  industry  who  have  no  othd 

The  financial  loss  arising  from  'iis'^indul- 
gence  would  be  trifling:  we  should  sain  biihabi 
the  measure  m  many  respects,  particulariluent] 
by  the  promotion  of  marriage  among  the  poorolram 
class  of  Whites,  by  opening  a  fieki  for*^  theif  the 
mdustry,  without  depending  upon  the  labouilest 
of  negroes.  ^And  it  is  no  inconsiderable  adjealth 
vantage  to  the  West  Indies,  in  their  present  to 
situation,  to  promote  such  callings  as  may  suplould 
port  white  men  without  the  agency  of  slaveslt  tl 
who  are  or  may  be  difficult  to  obtain;  whilrtinfi 
every  respectable  white  family  is  an  additionJured 


I' '  • 


OF  GREAT  BRITAIN. 


177 


rop  to  the  stability  of  the  cc^c  lies  and  the  em- 
lire;  for  the  greater  the  sum  of  affluence  a^d 
iustry  introduced,  the  greater  must  be  the 
onsumption  of  British  manufacture.     Thus 
fhat  was  sacrificed  in  one  instance,  would  be 
bined  in  another ;  and  by  thus  increasing  the 
hr  prospect  of  white  families,  the  number  of 
Wiite  men  would  increase,  and  those  false  max- 
'Ds  and  injurious  practices  now  prevailing  in 
ur  colonies   would  greatly  diminish.     The 
htish  subject  always  considers  himself  in  the 
I'cst  Indies,  as  a  transient  person,  whose  bu- 
ness  It  IS  to  make  money,  and  depart  to  his 
itwe  country.     To  marry  is  frequently  diffi. 
(lit,  and  he  is  caught  by  the  contagious  liber. 
nism  of  others  m  a  like  situation :  hence  a 
poured  connection  is  formed,  and  a  coloured 
fogeny  anses.  This  system  has  a  baneful  ef- 
fct  en  the  islands :  the  improvement  of  the  towns 
checked ;  and  accordingly  those  in  the  Bri- 
^h  colonies  are  paltry  and  mean  when  compa- 
fdto  towns   in    foreign  settlements,  whose 
abitants  are  residents  for  life,  and  conse- 
fently  endeavour  to  make  their  residences  as 
^ramodious  and  splendid  as  possible.     But 
[the  majority  of  those  who  go  out  to  the 
Vest  Indies,  with  the  view  of  accumulating 
ealth,  and  ^en  returning  to  their  native  coun- 
r  to  enjoy  it,  really  succeeded,  the  advantage 
ould  then  rset  with   the   mother  country  • 
ut  the  contrary  is  manifestly  the  fact.     Rel 
Hting  to  taverns  and  brothels,  or  keeping  co- 
lured  girls,  the  end  is  defeated,  and  the  white 


'i 


ii 


r 


- '  ill 


m 


;^l 


k 


'Ml 


'  5.' 


178 


COtONlAI.    FOLICy 


m 


tcr 
ncg 
rita 
his 


but 


man  ruined  !  He  clragr»  out  a  URcless  cxistcnct- 

and  iVequenUy  ends  his  days  in  poverty,  withlhor 

out  at  all  contributing  to  the  national  wealth 

That  miserable  race  of  beings,  known  in  h 

maica  by   the   opprobrious    negro-epithct  c 

"Walk  and  Nyain  Buchras,»'  or  white  mei-K,, 

who  only  walk  and  cat.  affosd  a  striking  tyMlZ 

ample  ot  tliis  truth.  These  abject  wretches  wison 

for  the  most  part  those  who  once  were  indii 

trious,  and,   descended   from   good  familici 

liad  the  fairest  prospects  opened  before  then,    i 

either  as  merchants^  clerks,  or  book-keepers  olstat 

*oim;   plantation.     Nothing    was    wanting  |exh 

make  them  valuable  members  of  society,  biJtual 

tlie  presence  of  relatives,  honourable  connejJto  i 

ions,  and  the  dread  of  censure.     Solitary,  m J  u 

Ml  a  stiange  country,  when  a  young  man  arriv Jther 

m  the  West  Indies,  he  knows  not  how  to  erj"  ^i, 

ploy  his  leisure  time,  and  looks  in  vain  iSl^., 

those  innocent  amusements  which  he  has  leflJoei 

The  climate  disposes  him   to  sensuality :  m^f.,^ 

enters  loose  company  ;  is  soon  ridiculed  out  Jthes 

those  virtuous  principles  in  which  he  was  edldeei 

ucated,  or  which  he   n.ay  subsequently  havlriou 

imbibed ;  and  feeling  a  high  flow  of  spirits,  Jon  t 

rushes  amidst  the  pleasures  9f  voiaptuousneslBut 

to  the  very  extreme  of  libertinism.     %  the  J  this 

means  he  descends  with  rapidity  to  the  lowcjcd  w 

point  of  degraded  existence,  and  meanly  coJso  1 

descends  to  subsist  as  an   absplute  pauijefshoi] 

Rambling  over  the  island,  he  abuses  the  hofverc 

pitality  of  the  planters,  by  begging  food  of  oiJ  time 

H  bed  of  another,  aiid  pf  a  third  a  loan  of  I  the  J 


OF    CHEAT    BRITAIN* 


179 


Ihorse  ride  to  the  next  plantation.  If  the  plan- 
Iter  spurn  him  from  his  door,  he  rocs  to  the 
Incgro-yard  to  bcjj  from  them  ;  and  if  any  cha- 
Iritable  person  procure  him  clothes  to  cover 
Ihis  half-naked  body,  he  will  immediately  pur- 
Jchasc  with  them  a  night's  lodging  in  the  hut  of 
Isomc  negro-girl.  In  short,  he  will  do  any  thing 
Ibut  work. 

What  then  can  be  done  to  introduce  a  better 
Istatc  of  things,  and  prevent  or  alleviate  these 
lexhibitions  of  depravity  ?     Nothing  so  eifec- 
Itually  as  to  increase  the  staple  commodities, 
to  induce  the  Europeans  to  marry,    and   set- 
Itlc  in  the   islands,  instead  of  merely  visiting 
Ithem,  and  then  returning  home.  And  if  the  le- 
Igislature  of  the  different  colonies  were  to  im- 
Ipose  a  tax  on  non-resident  free  holders,  it  would 
operate  in  the  promotion  of  internal  improve- 
ments.    Too  much  attention  cannot  be  paid  to 
these  valuable  possesions ;  and  it  is  matter  of 
deep  regret  that  ihej  ahould  be  held  by  so  preca- 
Jrious  a  tenure  as  that  of  the  influence  of  terror 
on  the  minds  of  the  coloured  men  and  negroes. 
But  when  the  West  Indies  shall  have  obtained 
I  this  requisite  attention,  and  are  properly  stock- 
ed with  white  families,  the  sUignation  of  trade 
so  lanientably  experienced   by  this   country, 
should  it  again  take  place,  will  not  be  so  se- 
verely felt.     The  surplus  produce  will  at  all 
times  forf?e  its  way  into  the  United  States  and 
I  the  European  continent,  giving  the  Creoles  the 

T 


f 


:  ' 


4 


i 


'W- 


',  'J 


m 


180 


coioiriAL  Policy 


means  of  purchasing  our  merchandise,  even  inl 
time  of  war.  It  is  therefore  ardently  hoped] 
^t  the  exertions  of  Britain  to  improve  ttej 
distant  dependencies  will  be  proportionate  d 


|1  1^ 


cai 
I  of 
dei 
qn 
Br 
I  wo 
dis 
edi 
!me 
sist 
Th 
Cai 
wai 


axcY 


erchandise,  even  k 
)rc  ardently  hoped] 
n  to  improve  these 
)e  proportionate  t(L 
and  the  value  she! 


CHAP.  XXII. 

I  STRICTURES  ON  THE  TREATY  OP  GHENT.-ITS  FOLLV 

1 1  HERE  has  never  been  a  state  paper  of  such 

rf  GhT"^,""  ^  i!""'  '=°""*^'  ^  *e  Treaty 
lf?^u    }^  """  ^  P^P^''  therefore,  to  de- 

L^r      ?"^  °l-  ^}}^J?°^^  ""fortunate  acts  of 
diplomacy  m  which  Great  Britain  ever  enga. 

When  the  hostile  incursions  of  the  Ameri- 

SfTZ^'^f '^'r^*  P'^<=»'"'  "'"''♦"Ion 
der  to  mS^  of  changing  the  frontier,  in  or- 
der to  maintain  its  secure  enjoyment  of  tran- 
Rr  1?'  r"^  Pe'«>ns  confidently  expected  that 
Brit  an,  having  closed  her  European  contest 
would  have  immediately  directed  her  pSai 

te^f  ^'!,'°''"*'^  "«'  P°'"''  «nd  attempt! 
ed  at  least  to  reduce  some  of  the  enemy's  settle, 
ments  on  the  Lakes ,  and  intheeventoZact  in 
ist  on  the  cession  of  the  whole  opposR^ 

Ca™H^P'''''''?!i°'i""'^"^'<=''eeredtheS 
Canadians,  amid  the  terrors  and  desolations  of 
war,  and  animated  them  toa  vigorous  resistance. 


i 


1i  ( 


'  [ 


i  IM 
!  fl 


182 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


;? 


at  a  period  when  the  small  number  of  regular 
troops  caused  the  duty  of  defending  the  fron- 
tier to  devolve  chiefly  on  tKe  militia    But  peace 
has   been  proclaimed,   and  such  a  peace,  the 
Author  does  not  scruple  to  assert,  as  may  prove 
to  be  a  death. warrant  to  the  British  nation.  One 
more  pernicious  was  never  made.  It  not  only 
contains  the  seeds  of  future  war,  but  is  alto- 
gether  incompatible  with  the  true  interests  of 
the  mother  country  and  her  dependencies.    In- 
stead therefore  of  congratulating  the  country  on 
the  event,  as  many  through  ignorance  or  mis- 
taken opinions  have  done,  he  most  decidedly 
affirms,  that  perpetual  war  with  America  should 
have  been  pr'^ferred,  and  that  she  has  even  tri- 
umphed  moFC  by  negotiations  than  by  her  arms. 
This  country  is  by  that  event  cajoled  of  the 
right  and  power  to  secure  from  invasion,  pro- 
vinces   of    incalculable    value.   The  naturally 
strong  situation  of  Canada  is  rendered  of  little 
avail.  While,  together  with  the  Indian  tribes  on 
Lake  Superior,  she  is  left  to  the  mercy  of  an  in- 
veterate enemy,  who  is  growing  stronger  every 
day.  And  if  Canada  fall  in  a  future  contest,  the 
British  nations  must  attach  the  blame  entirely  to 
the  blindness  and  negligence  equally  conspicu- 
ous in  the  conduct  of  the  late  war,  and  yield- 
ing to  the  enemy's  politics  in  concluding  a 
treaty   of  peace.     Our  power  and   resources 
should  have  been  fully  exerted,  uniil  the  enemy, 
unable  to  prolong  the  contest,  consented  to  sue 
for  peace;  offering  to  deliver  into  the  victor's 
hands,  indemnity  for  the  past,  and  pledges  of  se- 


Tjber  of  regular 
nding  the  fron- 
litia.  But  peace 
:h  a  peace,  the 
rt,  as  may  prove 
ish  nation.  One 
ide.  It  not  only 
ar,  but  is  alto- 
rue  interests  of 
endencies.    In- 
•  the  country  on 
lorance  or  mis- 
most  decidedly 
A.merica  should 
le  has  even  tri- 
lan  bv  her  arms, 
cajoled  of  the 
invasion,  pro- 
The  naturally 
ndered  of  little 
[ndian  tribes  on 
mercy  of  an  in- 
^  stronger  every 
Lire  contest,  the 
lame  entirely  to 
lally  conspicu- 
var,  and  yield- 
[  concluding  a 
and   resources 
iniil  the  enemy, 
»nsented  to  sue 
to  the  victor's 
1  pledges  of  se- 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


183 


curity  for  the  future.  But  the  golden  opportunity 
has  been  thrown  away,  of  forcing  our  inveterate 
enemy  to  make  those  sacrifices  and  concessions, 
which  would  have  taught  her  a  severe  but  just 
lesson  of  humility. 

It  is  unfortunately  too  easy  to  analyse  the 
causes  that  operated  to  produce  this  baneful 
treaty.     It  is  evident  that  not  only  the  nation 
at  large,  but  its  rulers  in  particular,  are  void  of 
perception,  as  to  the  real  character  of  the  Ame- 
ricans !  Principles  of  humanity  and  forbearance, 
arising  from  mistaken  feelings  of  consanguity, 
have  repressed  our  military  ardour  throughout 
the  late  war.     The    same    generous  motives 
have  also  guided  the  councils  of  the  nation  in 
the  conclusion  of  peace.  And  while  the  author 
would  applaud  the  motives  that  induced  the 
measures  which  he  now  execrates,  he  cannot 
but  lament  the  fatal  blindness,  not  only  of  mi. 
nisters,  but  of  the  whole  British  community ; 
and    would   wish  to   apply  to    their   vision, 
the  collyrium  of  provincial  politics.     Let  this 
country  learn  her  true  interests  from  loyal  ad- 
herents, possessing  the  locai  information  wliich 
the  country  itself  realy  wants.     Let  those  who 
have  studied  the  American  character,  and  ex- 
perienced the  necessity  there  is  for  the  most 
wakeful  vigilance  in  all  dealings  with  the  states, 
communicate  information  to  Britain.   And  in- 
stead of  reclining  in  security,  let  her  be  pre- 
pared for  a  renewal  of  the  contest.     America 
^'ill  be  so  elated,  as  to  assume  in  future  a 

T  2 


it 


'l-i 


.1 


'>i 


(: 


i  '< 


II 


.4M 


■V  '^ 


Ml 


184 


COI,OUIAL    POLICY 


more  lofty  tone,  and  from  a  conviction  of  her  I  nj 
imagined  superiority,  force  a  quarrel  on  the  Ire 
shghtest  grounds.     The  proposition  stated  by  I  oi 
Mr.  Madison  in  his  declaration  of  war,  that,  I  c( 
"  a  nation  jealous  of  its  rights,  and  conscious  I  of 
of  its  strength,  has  no  alternative  but  to  exert  I U 
the  one  in  defence  of  the  other,"  was  at  that  |f< 
time  deserted  by  the  federalists,  who  much 
doubted  this  "  conscious  strength,"  and  assert- 
ed   that    their    sea-port,    and  whole    line    of 
coast,    had  no   dependence    but  on    British 
clemency  and  magnanimity.     But   in   conse- 
quence of   continued   trains  of   brilliant  ex- 
ploits  having  in  some  measure  concealed  the 
national  weakness,  vanity  will  overcome  their 
better  Judgment.  They  will  conceive  the  idea 
of  having  compeiled  Britain  to  sign  this  peace.  _  ^^ 
Hence  a  conviction  of  the  power  to  declare  I  ]y 
war,  combined  with  the  desire  of  further  esta- 1  in  \ 
blishing  the  national  character,  which  has  al-Jthe 
ready  gained  so  much,  will  make  hostilities  po- 1  of « 
pular,  even  with  the  federal  party.     And  after  I  be 
preparing  means  of  defence  and  aggression,  tolclui 
which   it   will   apply   itself  with   the   utmost! 
pronipitude,.the  republic  will  rather  court  than  I    I 
decline  a  war;  ambition  being  a  most  predo-lffroi 
minant  feature  in  the  American  character,  in  |  van 
no  respect  qualified  by  any  principle  of  morali- 
ty, or  regard  for  the  law  of  nations. 

The  dangerous  and  destructive  principles  of 
French  policy  are  well  understood,  and  suita- 
ble  precautions  are  adopted.     When  Buona- 


ou 

an 

hii 

of 

fui 

for 

to 

\o\ 

alh 

bet 


rest 


IV 


plific 
part< 

t' 
to  ex 


ICY 

conviction  of  her 
a  quarrel  on  the 
)Osition  stated  by 
ion  of  war,  that, 
tSt  and  conscious 
itive  but  to  exert 
lier,"was  at  that 
ists,  who  much 
igth,"  and  assert- 
i  whole  line  of 
but  on    British 

But  in  conse- 
of  brilliant  ex- 
re  concealed  the 

overcome  their 
onceive  the  idea 
0  sign  this  peace, 
ower  to  declare 

of  further  esta- 
r,  which  has  al- 
ke  hostilities  po- 
jrty.  And  after 
id  aggression,  to 
ith  the  utmost 
ather  court  than 
J  a  most  predo- 
an  character,  in 
iCiple  of  morali 
ons. 

ive  principles  of 

tood,  and  suita- 

When  Buona- 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


185 


parte  s  ambition  was  appaj-ent,  the  allies  decia, 
red  they  could  not  treat  with  him,  nor  with  any 
of  his  family.*     And  if  no  peace  with  him 
could  be  regarded  as  permanent,  so,  by  parity 
tIT^^q    must  that  just  concluded  with  the 
United  States,  be  received  in  the  same  light! 
For  as  the  democratic  government  is  notori- 
ously   influenced  'by  Buonapartean   politics  t 
and  as  it  has  for  the  sole  purpose  of^erv?ng 
him,  declared  one  war,  under  every  symptom 
of  rashness  and  presumption,  unprovided  with 
funds  with  a  dubious,  defective,  and  untried 
©rce,  these  circumstances  do  not  give  us  reason 
o  expect  greater  sincerity,  more  prudence,  and 
love  of  concord,  for  the  future;  more  especi 
ally,  as  the  objects  of  the  government  hav^ 
been  advanced,  hostile  experiments  successful 
ly  made,  even  war  itself  rendered  instrument 
m  the  promotion  of  native  manufactu^r^d 
the  nation  elated  with  victory?     What  bond 
of  security  then,  and  of  lasting  amity,  can  thTre 

duiedt  '"''^  "^"'^'^  '^^'^  ^^'^"%  con! 

But  should  the  peace  be  defended  on  the 

SleTThn'r^r^  '"'  '^-^-^-^^^  aS! 
vantage,  let  tho..e  who  contemplated  such  a 

result,  consider  the  hostile  measures  of  the 
parte'«  return  from  Elba  "  ^mce  Buona- 


1  ^^1 


i 


t  The  National  IirtelliKcncer  did  not  qrmMo 
[to  express  its  exultation  at  Buonaparte's  return'  ^"""'^ 


i 


186 


COLONIAL    POLIcr 


i'  < 


l\ 


AM 


is 


American  government,  who  as  soon  as  peace 
was  proclaimed,  imposed  a  new  tariff  of  duties  I 
on  foreign  merchandise  and  manufactures,  j 
which  deubles  those  previously  existing,  and 
amounts  almost  to  a  total  prohibition  of  impor. 
tation.  This  law  is,  it  seems,  to  continue  in 
force  two  years  from  that  period.  Why  then 
should  peace  be  solicited  for  the  sake  of  com- 
merce,  when  that  commerce  cannot  be  obtain^ 
ed  on  any  equitable  footing  ? 


With  regard  to  Commissioners ;  is  it  not 
surprising  that  this  country  could  not  appoint 
men  thoroughly  acquainted  with  American  af- 
fairs  ?  No  doubt  lord  Gambier,  and  his  wor- 
thy  coadjutors,  acted  from  the  dictates  of  ho. 
nour  and  benevolence.  But  were  they  compe- 
tent  to  the  task  of  negociating  with  such  shrewd 
not  to  say  subtle  men,  as  Bayard  and  Gallatin  ? 
For,  as  in  the  treaty  of  1783,  so  in  the  present 
instance,  the  British  delegates  have  been  foiled 
by  American  sophistry.  It  is  much  to  be 
regretted  that  some  native  of  the  provinces,  was 
not  added  to  the  list  of  British  negociators,  as 
many  gentlemen  of  superior  talents,  might  have 
been  readily  obtained  from  either  of  the  colo- 
nies.*    Our  interests  would  then  have  been 


▼ernment  should  have  adopted,  was  clearly  laid  down 
and  produced  some  very  angry  comments  from  the  Uni 
ted  States. 


nent 
ulet] 


tier 


as  soon  as  peace 
:w  tariff  of  duties 
id  manufactures, 
sly  existing,  and 
libition  of  impor. 
s,  to  continue  in 
riod.  Why  then 
the  sake  of  com. 
;annot  be  obtain. 


3ners ;  is  it  not 
ould  not  appoint 
ith  American  af- 
ier,  and  his  wor- 
e  dictates  of  ho. 
i^ere  theycompe 
ivith  such  shrewd 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIW. 


187 


ascertained,  and  as  certainly  defended.     The 
author  feels  assured,  that  ignorance,  and  not 
conscious  weakness,  swayed  our  councils  in  the 
stature  of  the  treaty.     Tfee  spirit  of  that  part 
of  It  at  least,  which  relates  to  the  boundaries, 
IS  founded  on  the  American  claims,  e^blished 
by  the  treaty  of  17«3.  The  arrangements  made 
on    the    late    occasbn,    relate    to    surveying 
this  frontier,  and  ascertaining  with  precision. 
Its  exact  p  ographical  limits,  in  order  to  pre- 
vent disputes  in  future.     In  ordinary  cases  this 
i\rould  be  just  and  equitable  on  both  sides.  But 
It  must  be  recollected,  that  although  disputes 
had  arisen  on  this  subject,  it  was  not  even  a 
collateral  cause  of  the  war.    On  the  contrary, 
the  United  States  commenced  hostilities  for  the 
real,  though  concealed,  purpose  of  wresting 
wiiu  suua  snrewa  ^^^^a  from  Great  Britain  altogether.     It  was 
ird  and  Gallatin?  ^^^  circumstance  a/one  that  produced  the  war 
so  in  the  present  f^^  *"  congress.  And  therefore  sanctioned  a 
have  been  foiled  ^^P^^ure  from  terms  of  reciprocity,  and  the 
is  much   to  be  '"f?rcement  of  measures  necessary  to  the  se. 
le  provinces,  was  ^""^u  ^  u^  ''^P^se  of  those  provinces,  against 
1  negociators,  as  '^"*^".  ^^  enemy's  force  was  directed.     The 
ients,  might  have  ostensible  motives  assigned  by  the  American 
ther  of  the  cole  [ovemment  for  the  declaration  of  war,  such  as 
then  have  been  "^  ^'stablishment  of  sailors*  rights  and  a  free 

rade,  &c.  were  rather  political  engines,  em. 


line  of  conduct  go 
I  clearly  laid  down, 
nents  from  the  Uni- 


ubject  appeared  in  "oycd  to  gam  popularity,  than  real  causes  of 
I's  newspapers.  In  lostility.  Subjects  calculated  to  inflame  the 
line  of  conduct  co-  mblic  mind  were  forced  into  notice,  and  com- 

nented  on  with  the  utmost  malignity  and  vi- 
ulence.  False  statements,  and  even  palpable 


!^ 


{%■ 


I 


f 


4^i.UiJ^£M.£^W^ 


.  \ 


I     W- 


'i     i: 


188 


COtOKIAL    POLICY 


absurdities,  were  assiduously  propagated,  both  |c;, 
by  newspapers,  and  various  other  means.  Andlfri 
n  is  a  fact,  worthy  the  serious  consideration  of  IL-. 
Britons,  because  it  developes  in  some  measure,  I  ' 
the  deadly  rancour  of  the  ruling  party,  and  thelj! 
dangerous  principles  of  American  policy,  thatlha 
these  injurious  comments  and  assertions  were  tac 
intended  to  shake  the  loyalty  of  British  seamen,  Zl 
whom  they  designedly  hold  up,  as  being  at  I" 
present  no  better  than  degraded  slaves.  l\ 

Is  it  not  then  surprising,  that  the  litigated  >m' 
questions  have  not  been  set  at  rest  by  an  express  \^\ 
article  in  the  treaty  ;  where  not  a  word  is  said  his 
respecting  the  right  of  search  and  impressment,  .  ;, 
points  which  aifect  the  vital  interests  of  firitainler 
and  that  ought  to  have  been  made  the  basis  ofln' 
the  whole :  while  some  objects  of  comparatively|ear 
insignificant  importance,  are  carefully  inserted?!^ 
Is  It  understood,  that  a  secret  article  of  thc| 
treaty  exists,  by  which  the  above  questions  arel  t 
decided  ?  If  so,  all  may  be  well.  But  if  the  queslJi 
tions  are  waved,  generally  and  verbally,  by  theluci 
respective  plenipotentiaries,  without  a  writtenCiai 
document,  what  pledge  can  this  country  havelresi 
from  such  vague  proceedings,  that  they  willlore  i 
not  again  disturb  the  repose  of  both  nations  ?  jave 


'arr 


It  may  be  asked,  was  this  a  subject  propeimmei 
for  the  decision  of  a  friendly  power  ?— such  alarec 
measure  being  contemplated  by  the  Americanlle  A 
prior  to  the  appointment  of  commissioners,  withl  hai 
assurance  of  an  issue  favourable  to  the  Statcsfas  d 


-icy 


OF    GREAT   BRITAIN. 


189 


.tKS'  afedit  rr^"  ^-  *-  -i^ted  not  one 

in  some  measure,  |™„  Am-t:  ,■      ^"ta""-     In  this  it  an. 

ng  party,  and  theE  deS?!;/"'"^  "^  ^°^''^  B"'  ^h^  al 
rican  policy,  that  E  S^^efect  "tC^'  T'"*  li"'^'^  "^^^ 
d  assertions  were  f-^;*  „««  •  •'  ^'^^^  ^"^  adopted  mode  nf 

,fBriM  seamen,  l^^U^ZZV  ^  """'i""'  ^^''^"-    And  no?f 
up,  as  being  a   Te  aSI^'-""'^  V^  I^^"  pretended  by 

that  the  litigated  itS  to^^^' ^^.^^  ^^"^   ^^^^^^^^^^^ 
.^st  by  an  express  S  a^^m^i'/'':-''," "^'^'i"  "^  ^^e  contested 

,ot  a  word  is'^said  Ifs  couCTCSS  aIhc,*^^^^ 

md  impressment,  a  insinuate   rt.,?!     ■*™™a  «"  opportunity 

.terests  of  Britain  fc/Thk'b      "f,  '"^'sputaWy  belong  to 
nade  the  basis  o^'the  smotC?*"''"  "^  f^^e^d  with  1^ 
!ofcomparativeIylL„t!^?*r«'  *"»«  ^kindles,  and  fl!S 
arefuUy  inserted?Kf3P°'""=*'     """^  ""*  "Sain  displayed ^ 
ret  article  of  thc| 
ove  questions  arel  Th#»  o^^tv^^i^  •        n  , 

I.  But  if  the  ques-LiJulXSf '°"  °-  *^  '**^  ^^^'t^  «  France 
Iverballu,  by  thCSpn  rL       ^Pl^'W^ent  of  the  immacul^e 

his  country  havEenShfu^  V^  conclusion,  that  Mr 
s,  that  they  wife  h  Slvl^  "T"/^  '"  *e  secret  be 
f  both  natioL?  I ;eU^S^  in  Ga^lln"^^* 

far  recently  termina^H  urJfK  1        •    ^"'  ^^^^  the 
a  subject  propeined  on  Ime   K^  ""''  ^''''' 

power  P—such  alared  bv  Me«rc  ^  '^  ^^^^  actua  ly  de- 

^y  the.  Americanle  AmSr^J^^rj^iTi"'?^^^ 
nmissioners,  wit*  have  hinted  in  comnanv^I  I"  . ''  '^  ^M 
.le  to  the  States  .s  declared.  ^^uZ^^TJ^t^Te^ 


Jill 


I 


.■|,T  . 


-.!">. 


190 


COLONIAL  POLICY 


Ut 


day.  This  being  received  with  surprise  by  those 
pesent,  he  laid  a  bet  to  confirm  the  assertion.lH 
Inquiry  was  made,  and  the  time  found  to  corres-IBi 
pond  exacdy.  This  circumstance  being  develop.|tei 
ed,  the  affair  became  a  matter  of  considerable|ed 
notoriety  in  America, 


th. 
otl 


tei 

\V2 

th( 
off 


We  should  therefore  not  be  sanguine  in  our 
expectations  of  a  lasting  peace.  The  mercantile  pe 
part  of  the  American  community  may  in  some 
respects  be  tired  of  war,  but  the  government  is 
Dot ;  because  it  suits  the  purposes  of  state.  There 
is  in  Republican  America,  as  well  as  in  othcJ 
countries,  an  Arc  rum  locked  up  in  the  cabinetJth( 
War  inures  the  people  to  taxation;  reconciles  vie 
tliem  to  standing  armies,  and  provides  employ-  He 
ment  for  a  host  of  needy  locusts,  who  swarm  in  the 
the  country.  In  short,  a  govemmet  feclii^  ai  ed 
interest  separate  >rom  tnato  the  .atio-,  may  wel  the 
be  supposed  capable  of  declaring  war,  when  th(  eqi 
vast  increase  of  the  national  debt  enables  it  t(  cat 
keep  its  seat  more  securely.  Let  us  therefore  tx  on 
on  our  guard,  and  employ  the  labours  of  th  Lai 
soldiery,  agreeably  to  the  system  laid  down  in  i  of 
former  chapter.  If  this  measure  be  adopted,  th  ' 
interests  both  of  the  provinces  and  mother  countrj 
may  yet  be  promoted,  and  the  evil  tendency  o 
this  disastrous  peace  in  some  degree  mitigated. 


nin, 
the 
Lai 
flow 
rup 
tor) 


"We  now  proceed  to  examine  the  Canadi 
frontier,  most  exposed  to  the  ill  effects  of  thileith 
degrading  treaty.  The  Americans  well  knew  thJ  con 
advantages  they  possessed,  improved  the  opporlmal 
tunity,  and  established  numerous  settlements,  af 


H 


LICY 


th  surprise  by  those 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


191 


at  points  most  calculated  to  annoy  the  British,  in 
...  .w.i.,.o^  ^j  «.wa.  case  of  war.  .Detroit,  Oedensburffh  Sacked 
ifinn  the  assertionlHarbour,  Oswego,  Plattsbu?ghrBlack  Rock  a^^^^ 
n.e  fomidto  con:es.lBuffalo,  all  attracted  notice  clurinS  W  '  on^ 
mce  bemgdeveMtest;  and  the  advantages  which  the  enemy  ^ah 
ter  of  considerable  cd  over  our  fleets,  may  be  primarily  att^ibutfdTo 

their  possessing  those  places.  But  there  are  many 
other  important  outposts,  which  have  as  yet  re- 
mined  unnoticed  affording  the  Americans  either 
peculiar  facilities  for  ap-oTP.:«;/^r.  r.-  r«-  *u • 


be  sanguine  in  our 


unity  may  in  some 

the  government  is 

ises  of  state.  Thert 

IS  well  as  in  otb 


7:.fi~"~  "•  ".,'  ""'■"^"  "'"'"."^™'  anoramg  the  Amer  cans  either 
Ihe  mercant.1,  peculiar  facilities  for  aggretsion,  or  for  theiW 
y  may  in  some  tenance  of  a  suoerior  n»v„  „„  a.  i  .  V   '      ". 


f  „     .- '  •"*.  '•se'"=='won,  or  lor  the  main- 
tenance of  a  superior  navy  on  the  Lakes  and 
waters  of  Canada    Cape  St.  Vincent,  situated  at 
the  debouchure  of  Lake  Ontario,  threatens  to  cu 
IS  wc.  ii»  ...  uuKJoff  t^ie  communications  between  that  lake  and 
1  up  m  the  cabinetlthe  river  St.  Lawrence.     Kingston  Fenr   in  hs 
ixationj  reconc.kJv,c.mty,    Chaumont,    Bro^vnsville,    ^Itm^ 
\  provides  employJHenderson,  Ellisborough,  and  Mekico  all  S 
sts,  who_swarm  Jthe  mouth  of  the  lake,  ma^bepowerfuHyempIf. 
.emmet  feehi^  '"Jed  for  the  same  purposes.     IV^ichillimackrac  Tn 
he  -atm.:,  "jay  wjjthe  narrows  betweei  Lakes  Huron  ahTMichTsan 
ring  war,  when  thJequally  guards  both,  and  prevents  all  comS' 
debt  enabte  it  tJcation  from  one  to  the  other.     Fort  St  7oTDh" 
Let  us  therefore  hlon  the  over  of  the  same  name,  whSh  flows  Imd 
he    abours  of  dJUke  Michigan,  afibrds  securi  y  fo^he  buUdTn^ 
em  laid  down  in  Jof  vessels ;  Miami  Bay.  Sandusky,  and   cin 
ire  be  adopted.  dJningham  Islands,  with  several  ca^^  ateng  "te 

jtef  O  °'  ,^'\*struct  the^assSrom 

flowfn^  f       ^^yy^  ^"^-  The  Miami  river, 
Uowing  through  Indiana,  gives  facility  to  an  ir 

•  ..,  r  ^vP"°"'^°'"rtP'«°f*e  United  Siatesterr" 
line  the  Canacto  tory  given  to  the  soldiery.  Detroit  is  weHsku-.tS 
:  ,11  effects  of  tlu  either  to  conimand  Lake  St.  Clair,  and  the  wl^ 

«.mmunications  between  that  lake  'and  ErTe,  om 
make  an  incursion  into  Essex,  against  Ac  posts 


and  mother  coun 
e  evil  tendency 
iegree  mitigated 


.  ill  effects  of  thi 
:ans  well  knew  th( 
iproved  the  oppor 
ous  settlements,  r 


t 


I 


^  i 


I 


192 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


\L  1^ 


IVi 


I  ■! 


of  Sandwich,  Amherstburgh,  and  Maiden ;  and!  li 
*ort  bt  Clair  commands  the  river  of  that  name  I  e 
running  from  Lake  St.  Clair  to  Lake  Huron.  h\  I 
the  river  St.  Lawrence,  abundance  of  stations  I  ti 
either  aie  or  may  be  taken  up,  for  the  purpose  ol  b 
destroying  the  small  craft  employed  thereon,  andlc 
cutting  oft' all  communication  between  Montreal  A 
and  the  Upper  Province,  St.  Regis,  Massena,  ri 
Louisville  Madrid,  Ogdensburgh,  Morriston,  w 
Uswegatche,  and  Alexandria,  with  several  islands  th 
affording  either  strong  military  positions,  or  posts  la 
ol  annoyance. 

On  Lake  Champlain,  are  Champlain  to  guard!  wl 
the  entrance,  Plattsburgh,  Peru,  WiUsboroughJ  wl 
Crown  Point,  Ticonderoga,  Skeensborough,  th 
J  airhaven,  Benson,  Orwell,  Bridport,  Burlington, 
&c.  while  the  British  have  only,  to  defend  the 
water  communication.  Forts  Chambly  and 
Wiiiiam  Henry:  the  former  about  midway,  the 
la^^tcr  at  the  confluence  with  the  St.  Lawrence. 


wl 
ris 
dii 
in£ 


or. 

Un  an  attentive  perusal  of  the  above  summary  I  an( 
and  examination  of  the  map,  it  will  be  clearlvf  ant 
seen,  that  Canada  can  never  be  really  safe,  while!  Or 
the  United  States  possess  these  frontiers,  ibundel  Th 
on  the  treaty  of  1783,  and  guaranteed  by  the  latJpoi 
diJ^aceful  one  at  Ghent.  It  will  also  be  appal  tor 
rent,  that  the  American  territories  of  Ohio,  car 
Michigan,  and  Indiana,  are  most  advantageously  disi 
situated  to  command  Lakes  Superior,  Michigan,  On 
Huron,  and  Erie;  while  Lake  Ontario,  and  th(  and 
river  St.  Lawrence  running  from  thence  three  and 
parts  elf  the  way  to  Montreal,  are  completely  diei 


r  1 


!l! 


t'  V 


>LICY 


OF    GREAT    BRITAII^. 


193 


Vfvfr  Ttt^ld  ""'^  7*^  n^^"^^"^^  ^"^  P«^^  ^hich  tempt  the 
toLakeH^.  oH^^  make  incursions,  and  render  it  almost 

Montreal ;  Lut  to  send  a  reinforcement  up  the 
river,  from  Montreal  to  Kingston,  would  be  a 
work  of  great  labour  and  difficulty.  The  evils  of 
his  were  severely  felt  several  times  during  the 
late  war.  Again,  the  falls  of  Niagara  intercept  the 
water  communication  between  Montreal  and 
Lakeij  trie,  Huron,  and  the  adjoining  districts, 
which  must  ever  be  disturbed  in  time  of  war ;  for 

heir  Bank,  and  hostile  fleets  scour  the  Lakes, 
what  prospect  have  these  fertile  regions  of  ever 
S  JS  I'J'P?"''"'^'  .«>  l°"e  as  th?  enemy  can 
i^hl  .  'k"'"'''  '^'?^'  'hem.  without  their  Ik- 
lr^M„  . «°  obtam  reinforcements  from  Kingston, 
or  Montieal,  except  very  slowly  ?  Hence  a  IritisI 

n^nfr  "r,l'^'=  •"'e'''  ^  "oonoutnunibered 
and  defeated  before  any  succour  could  arrive ' 

and     provided    the  enemy  commandedTkc 
.  .......Ontario,  even  that  would  be  entirelv  orechiHwl 

frontiers  loundej  Thus  the   Americans  could  invade   af™} 
ran  eed  by  the  latl  points  while  at  present  the  British  would  Se 

ritories  of  Ohio,  carious  one.  Siipposins-  thie  ■^}^r^J  1^7-  ^  , 
«t  advantageouslj  district,  included '1^X1  ^ctuveTK 
iperior,  Michigan,  Ontario,  Erie,  and  Huron  to  &  iS^cW 
;  Ontario,  and  th<  and  the  toxvns  of  London  and  OxM  populous 
rom  thence  thra  and  extensive,  there  would  be  no  securhv  for 
I,  are  completel,  &m,  so  long  as  America  commandedAeLikes 


7     -~-      •••»"    I'OI'VfO^    Ul 

ployed  thcreon»  and, 
between  Montreal 
:.  Regis,  Massena, 
burgh,  Morriston, 
with  several  islands 
'  positions,  or  posts 

hamplain  to  guard 
ru,  Willsborough, 
,  Skeensborough, 
idport,  Burlington, 
ily,  to  defend  the 
ts  Chambly  and 
bout  midway,  the 
le  St.  Lawrence. 

le  above  summary, 

it  will  be  clearl) 

really  safe,  whil 


194 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


^1^ 


for  a  combined  movement  might  be  made  on 
them  from  the  four  different  points,  of  Burlington 
Bay,  in  Lake  Ontario,  Ottei  Creek,  in  Lake  Erie, 
the  river  Thames,  in  Lake  St.  Clair,  and  the 
Riviere  Du  Sable,  in  Lake  Huron.  Such  a 
movement,  if  well  conducted,  would  succeed  like 
Generals  Amherst,  Prideaux,  and  Wolfe's  celc- 
brated  expedition  against  the  provinces. 

May  not  Canada  then  complain  with  justice, 
that  her  interests  not  being  understood,  have  been 
sacrificed,  by  permitting  the  means  of  desolating 
her  most  fertile  districts  to  remain  in  the  power 
of  her  enemies,  who,  if  their  boast  be  accom- 
plished,  will  keep  the  mastery  of  the  lakes?— in 
which  case,  they  will  at  all  times  have  access  to 
the  lower  provinces,  unless  large  fleets  and  nu uie- 
rous  forts  are  built  and  maintained  at  a  great  ex. 
pense ;  the  supposition  of  which  most  essentially 
establishes  the  validity  of  the  advice  respecting  i 
colonization,  given  in  a  former  chapter  of  this 
work. 

America  will  never  lose  sight  of  her  favourite] 
object,  the  reduction  of  Canada,  however  it  mayj 
be  concealed.  As  well  might  Britain  imagine  that 
Buonaparte  would  abandon  the  desire  of  conquer- 1 
ing  her,  as  that  the  States  will  relinquish  the  idea 
of  possessing  Canada.  And  as  the  various  points 
of  aggression  are  guaranteed  to  her  as  heretofore, 
and  ambition  is  still  suffered  to  retain  its  grand 
incentive  to  hostility,  it  may  be  asked,  where  is| 
the  humanity  of  the  treaty  of  Ghent?  By  protract- 
ing  the  contest  a  little  longer,   the  desired  con. 


1? 


-ICY 

light  be  made  on 
ints,  of  Burlington 
reek,  in  Lake  Erie, 
>t.  Clair,  and  the 

Huron.  Such  a 
would  succeed  like 

and  Wolfe's  cele- 
>rovinces. 

)lain  with  justice, 
crstood,  have  been 
leans  of  desolating 
lain  in  the  power 
boast  be  accom- 
of  the  lakes  ? — in 
nes  have  access  to 
e  fleets  and  nu  uie- 
ned  at  a  great  ex- 
h  most  essentially 
advice  respecting 
ir  chapter  of  this 


OF  GREAT  BRITAIN. 


1^ 


It  of  her  favourite  i 
I,  however  it  may  j 
itain  imagine  that  | 
desire  of  conquer- 
elinquish  the  ideal 
:he  various  points 
her  as  heretofore, 
o  retain  its  grand 
;  asked,  where  is| 
ent?  By  protract- 
the  desired  con- 1 


cessions  would  have  been  obtained,  without  the 
further  effusion  of  blood,  besides  an  immense 
annual  expenditure  saved. 

Whatever  may  have  been  the  motives  that  in- 
rn'^fff^.i     ^'"''^r  P'^^ipoteutiaries  at  Ghent,  to 
TnH^th     T"'^-^^  ^^^^»  and  amuse  themselves 
and  the  Americans  with  proofs  of  a   scrupu- 
lous  regard  to  the  laws  of  nations,  they  were  very 
ilUtimed.    If  the  attack  on  Copenhagen  is  vindi- 
cated  on  the  plea  of  necessity,  Urel/a  departure 
from  the  precepts  of  the  civilian  would  have  been 
justifiable  m  the  pacific  negotiations  with  Ameri. 
ca.     Denmark  was  at  peace ;  the  United  States 
at  war  with  us,  and  for  the  real  purpose  of  pos- 
sessmg  Canada.  Her  finances  were  inadequate  to 
ri  olong  the  struggle,  and  Britain  should  have  ex- 
torted the  cession  of  a  line  of  demarcation,  neces- 

Z^^   f ?""'^  ^^  ^^;''^^  ^^""^''3^'  «g'^i"«t  which 

he  force  of  the  enemy  had  been  directed.   If  she 
lad  not  obtained  the  whole  line  of  coast  alonff  the 
Jakes,  the  principal  posts,  such  as  Oswetro,  Sark- 
ets  Harbour  Detroit,  and  Buffalo,   shSuld  have 
been  insisted  on  peremptorily  ;  while  by  express 
s  ipulation,  the  enemy  should  have  been  deprived 
altogether  of  having  a   fleet  on  the  lakTs,    or 
hrnited  as  to  the  force  and  numl^r  of  their  ships. 
At  the  same  time,  they  might  h.  ve  continued  to 
enjoy  an  uninterrupted  commer.  e,  ^nd  to  have 
covered  the  lakes  with  peaceable  craft  as  beforl 
though  It  would  have  been  wiser,  and  uhimitelv 
more  humane,  to  shut  them  out  entirely  from 
any   participation   in    the  benefits  arising  from 
traue  qn  the  lakes;  since  tliey  converted  what 

u  2 


m 


1\ 


% 


i,,  » 


'J9 


^-cefco**in~raL  ic  y 


were  intended  as  peaceable  depots  of  commerce, 
into  military  and  naval  stations. 

If  the  enemy  had  refused  to  treat  on  such  dis- 
advantageous  terms,  (which  I  am  scarcely  afraid 
of  had  the  British  plenipotentiaries  insisted  on 
them  as  an  ultimatum)  Britain  should  have 
changed  the  aspect  of  the  war  on  the  Canadian 
frontier,  from  defensive  into  the  oifensive,  and 
attacked  each  of  the  strong  holds  with  an  over- 
whelmmg  force,  which  would  have  ensured  sue 
cess  by  making  resistance  useless. 


As  things  row  stand,  this  country  must  build 
a  large  fleet  immediately,  on  the  Lakes  Ontario, 
Erie,  and  Huron  ;  and  not  yield  in  exertion,  to 
the  Americans  who  will  strain  every  nerve  to 
establish  a  superior  force,  and  who  construct  their 
ships  with  surprising  rapidity.  Should  we  sue 
ceed  in  the  superiority  of  ships,  equal  exertions 
should  be  made  to  furnish  them  with  men.  It 
Was  proved  by  Sir  G.  Prevost's  general  order, 
that  there  were  only  fifty  British  seamen  on  board 
the  fleet  defeated  by  the  Americans  on  Lake 
Erie  ;  the  remainder  were  British  soldiers,  Cana- 
dian  militia  men,  and  peasantry,  who  had  to  con- 
tend ag..inst  one  thousand  picked  American  sea-  an( 
men,  sent  for  the  express  purpose  of  manning  the!  Its 
hostile  fleet. 


\ 
1 
] 
I 
t 
I 
r 
t( 
\\ 
n 
ei 
\ 
oi 

lai 
th 
dc 
no 
to 
sid 


m 


The  principal  posts  should  have  been  obtained 
either  by  treaty  or  force  of  arms,  as  points,  whose 
possession  v/ould  have  placed  in  our  hands  those 
facilities  for  an  invasion  of  the  States,  which 


pi'O 

llot 
rive 


alon 


tj 


if  ^\ 


pots  of  commerce, 

5. 

>  treat  on  such  dis- 
am  scarcely  afraid 
itiaries  insisted  on 
tain  should  have 
on  the  Canadian 
the  oifensive,  and 
Dlds  with  an  over- 
have  ensured  sue- 
ess. 


OP  GREAT  BHITAIN. 


197 


juntry  must  build 
tie  Lakes  Ontario, 
►Id  in  exertion,  to 
n  every  nerve  to 
/ho  construct  their 
Should  we  sue- 
s,  equal  exertions 
m  with  men.  It 
t's  general  order, 
\  seamen  on  board 
ericans  on  Lake 
sh  soldiers,  Cana- 
,  who  had  to  con- 
?d  American  sea-, 
se  of  manning  the! 


ave  been  obtained 
,  as  points,  whose 
n  our  hands  those 
States,  which 


le 


would  be  calculated  to  overawe  and  deter  them 
from  again  disturbing  our  repose.   In^,^^ 
the  following  should  all  have  been  secured  :  Os: 
wego  which  commands  the  routes  to  New  York, 
by  Liverpool,  Albany,  or  Onondago,  Oxford 
bv'onlnH^  «"dHuds4  river;*  to  &ddpfi 
tlfe  river  nfr*  J^ncho  Harmony,  Stockportfand 
&Vat^o.^T'''  ^S^.t^  Baltimore,  by  Salina, 
rivfr      r       '  Tioga-Pomt,  and  the  Susquehanna 
tn  M      ^'°rJ^°'"^  ^"d  Ticonderoga,  are  keys 
toNew  York   by  the  route  of  Sandy  H  11  Green 
wich   Waterford  and  Hudsons  river   SkeenSo" 

eastfrnt'f  W^  ^^  '^'  ^^^^  road  o^  the' 
Yofk      ^"^°^  «^»dsons  river,  leading  to  Nevv 
York.     The  mhabitants  of  the  provincfes   aware 
of  the  above  circumstances  and  knowing  thel^ 
portance  of  Oswego    anxiously  expected  tha?^ 
arge  force  would  have  been  directed  against  it 
that  Its  reduction  might  have  been  seculd      No 
doubt  there  must  have  been  cogent  reasons  for 
not  making  the  attempt :  these  are  mysteries  no? 

^t  Z^^r^  ^^^  ^"^^"^  '^'^  '•  but  ceLnty  con! 
siderable  disappointment  and  discontent  prevailed 
m  the  provinces  in  consequence. 

But  Sackets  harbour  is  of  still  greater  imnort- 
ance  than  either  of  the  afore-menS  K" 
Its  convenience  as  a  naval  station  has  been  ^X 

CS'''  ^'^''''''  ""^^^  ''''  ^^^«1  efficacy,  ^ 
iMng  the  entrance  to  Lake  Ontario  from  the 
river  St.  Lawrence  has  been  most  painfully  ex- 

^C.T'^^^:^C'^''''''''^  navigable  has  good  roads 


\ 


4 


198 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


(^ 


I  : 


perienced  by  us.  With  this  peculiar  fitness  for 
offensive  operations,  it  is  hkewise  a  key  to  New 
York  by  Harrisburgh,  Leyden,  and  thence 
either  by  Trenton,  Utica,  and  the  Mohawk 
river;  or  else  by  Renesen,  Johnstown,  Water- 
ford,  and  the  Hudsons  river.  Such  is  the  line 
of  frontier  opposed  to  the  British  settlements ; 
and  it  can  never  be  sufficiently  regretted,  that 
the  Treaty  of  Ghent  guarantees  the  full  posses- 
sion of  these  to  the  United  States.  Was  it  sup- 
posed that  such  "  perfect  reciprocity"  would 
conciliate  the  affection  of  the  Americans,  or 
convince  them  that  Britain  desired  peace  from 
motives  of  humanity  ?  Such  conceptions  may 
exist  in  an  English  cabinet,  but  they  are  not 
suitable  to  a  Transatlantic  climate. 

The  same  misguided  policy,  of  adhering  to 
the  principles  of  justice  and  liberality,  instead  of 
assuming  an  authoritative  tone  of  reseiument, 
which  induced  this  country  to  guarantee  the 
integrity  of  the  American  frontier,  and  of  caus- 
ing the  lines  to  be  accurately  surveyed,  doubt- 
less prompted  the  British  plenipotentiaries  to 
accede  to  the  apparently  fair  proposal  of  refer- 
ring the  contested  islands*  in  the  Bay  of  Passa- 
maquoddy  to  arbitration.  Those  islands  being 
well  situated  for  anniliilating  the  trade  of  St. 
Johns,  New  Brunswick,  are  objects  of  eager 
desire  to  the  Uiiited  3tates,  though  only  of  use  I P'^^ 

;  ^  Grand  Manan,  Campo  Bello,  Wolf  Island,  Deer  Is*  I  C^i 
land,  Moose  Island,  besides  a  great  number  of  small  is- 1  An 
lands  or  rocks. 


ICY 

eciiliar  fitness  for 
^ise  a  key  to  New 
den,  and  thence 
nd  the  Mohawk 
[instown,  Water- 
Such  is  the  line 
tish  settlements; 
ly  regretted,  that 
s  the  full  posses- 
Ltes.  Was  it  sup- 
nprocity"  would 
e  Americans,  or 
;sired  peace  from 
conceptions  may 
but  they  are  not 
nate. 

^  of  adhering  to 
erality,  instead  of 
e  of  resentment, 
o  guarantee  the 
iier,  and  of  caus- 
iurveyed,  doubt- 
nipotentiaries  to 
roposal  of  refer- 
he  Bay  of  Passa- 
ose  islands  being 
the  trade  of  St. 
objects  of  eager 
)ugh  only  of  use 

olf  Island,  Deer  Is* 
number  of  small  is- 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


199 


to  them  as  nests  for  privateers  and  smugglers, 
"^ark  the  crafty  policy  with  which  it  £  con- 
cealed.     Assuming  an  air  of  indifference,  "  We 
have     we  may  suppose  them  to  say,  «  gained  se- 
veral importont  points  already;  if  too  great  stress 
be  laid  on  these  islands,  we  shall  betray  our- 
selves,  alarm  the  opposite  party,  and  perhaps  by 
breaking  off  the  negotiation,  defeat  our  object 
^together  :  but  by  proposing  to  refer  such  W 
y^«?j  to  the  decision  of  umpires,  we  shall  gain 
our  ends  ;  taking  special  care  to  select  for  our- 
selves,  those  men  who  will  resolutely  stand  out» 
and  stop  at  nothing  to  suit  their  purpose,  men 
to  whom  an  oath  is  of  no  consequence.     The 
uritish,  on  the  contrary,  in  pure  good  faith,  will 
choose  honest,  liberal  men,  not  perhaps  renown- 
ed  tor  uncommon  sagacity,  whom  we  can  mo- 
del to  our  own  satisfaction,  and  hoodwink  so  as 
to  make  them  declare,  that  the  islands  belong 
to  the  United  States ;  and  when  that  decision 
IS  once  made,  we  can  laugh  at  their  simplicity.'^ 
But  It  is  most  earnestly  hoped,  that  these  een- 
tlemen  may  be  outwitted,  by  the  appointment 
ot  umpires  on  our  part,  who  are  as  shrewd  and 
resolute  as  their  opponents ;  and  who  if  they 
enter  fully  mto  the  merits  of  the  case,  will  ap- 
preciate  the  value  of  the  islands  in  question, 
and  completely  unmask  the  real  views  of  the 
adverse  party.     But  should  the  contested  pro- 
perty be  niost  clearly  ascertained  to  belong  to 
iJritam,  a  decision  in  her  favour  may  prove  the 
cause  of  future  hostilities,  so  tenacious  arethe 
Americans  of  their  claims. 


lit 


J 


•f 


;l 


200 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


fi  r^ 


i-:) 


?t 


I     'Ji 


Besides  these,  there  are  many  islands  in  the 
river  St.  Lawrence,  and  the  several  lakes,  to 
come  under  the  cognizance  of  the  arbitrators; 
such  are  Wolfe  Island,  at  the  mouth  of  Lake 
Ontario;    Grand  Isle,   in  the  river  Niagara; 
Pele,  Cunningham,  and  Sandusky  Islands,  in 
Lake  Erie ;  Gross,  Turkey,  Peach,  and  Hog 
Islands,  in  the  water  communication  between 
Lakes  Erie  and  St  Clair  ;  a  considerable  num- 
ber in  Lake  Huron,  particularly  Michillimacki- 
nac   Isle  and   Fort,   which   commands  Lake 
Michigan.     This  important  post  is  as  valuable 
to  the  United  States,  as  the  islands  in  Passama. 
quody  Bay  are  to  Great  Britain :  since,  if  the 
latter  holds  Fort  Michilimackinac,  the  passage 
of  the  Americans  from  Lake  Michigan  to  Lake 
Huron  is  totally  interrupted.     It  would  there- 
fore  have  been  good  policy  to  secure  that  post  as 
a  fair  equivalent  for  Moose  Island,  &c.  instead  of 
which  it  is  agreed,  if  any  disputes  arise,  that 
some  friendly  power  shall  decide  the  difference ; 
in  which  case,  an  unfavourable  result  niust  be 
expected,  ibr  the  interest  of  the  provinces  will 
not  then  be  better  understood  than  in  the  ar- 
rangement of  the  treaty  ot  Ghent. 

From  a  review  of  the  premises  advanced,  a 
just  conclusion  may  be  drawn,  that  the  present 
peace  is  not  founded  on  terms  of  such  perfect 
reciprocity  as  has  been  represented.  It  is  most 
decidedly  ad .  -rse  to  Great  Britain,  since  the 
rival  nation  ei.joys  all  the  credit,  and  profit  too. 
—This  treaty  moreover  declares  to  the  world^ 


t 
t 
c 
a 
tl 
c 
si 
w 
fc 
la 

g' 
P 

P 


th 
to 
in, 

IS 

pn 
pn 
lea 
Ar 

an 
the 

an 
stai 

sys! 
grci 
peo 


ICY 

ny  islands  in  the 
several  lakes,  to 
fthe  arbitrators; 
?  mouth  of  Lake 
river  Niagara ; 
lusky  Islands,  in 
Peach,  and  Hog 
lication  between 
onsiderable  num- 
y  Michillimacki- 
commands  Lake 
3st  is  as  valuable 
ands  in  Passama^ 
lin:  since,  if  the 
nac,  the  passage 
Michigan  to  Lake 
It  would  there- 
ecure  that  post  as 
id,  &c.  instead  of 
putes  arise,  that 
le  the  difference ; 
e  result  niust  be 
e  provinces  will 
I  than  in  the  ar- 
mt. 

I ises  advanced,  a 
that  the  present 
of  such  perfect 
!nted.  It  is  most 
*itain,  since  the 
t,  and  profit  too. 
•es  to  the  world^ 


OF    CHEAT    BRITAIN. 


201 


that  any  nation  who  chooses  to  insult  us   mav^ 
I^ope  to  do  it  with  impunity.     It  hasTeft^i^^ 

rnem  .  what  few  advantages  were  gained  are 
to  be  given  up.     And  it  has  given  the  Ameri 

a  mo^l  J^"^""^^  ^'  P^--^  themsefvS  in 
a  more  imposmg  attitude  in  future.  Under  all 
the  circumstances  in  which  it  now  stands  this 

st°enXn'""l1  ''^'  '''''  precaution  [by 
strengthening  the   Canadian  frontier,  manv  of 

fortified,  such  as  Long  Point,  or  North  Fore 

S/poinV?^^.'  ^r""  ^-J-d,:ndLand: 
Cs    H    ^  '^'^  f ""  '  ^^^^^^^^^  island,  St. 
Peters    Head,    Amherst   Island,    Burlington 
Point,  and  Gibraltar  Point,  in  Lake  OmfrTo? 
Colonization  must  proceed  with  great  rapiditv 
as  this  country  may  be  soon  at  warag^TwS 
the  bcates   when  few  enngi^nts  would  ch^o^ 
to  embark,  m  the  immediate  prospect  of  fiX 
ng  the  enemy.     But  if,  on  the  contrary  Xe 
IS  destined  to  continue,    it  will  be  be  ter  to 
prosecute    the  colonial  system,   that  the  im! 
prove^ments  of  the  Canadian  frontier  may  "^ 

And  f/'tE  P"'"  ^  M  l^""''  ""^'^^  U»i^^d  States 
And  if  there  would  have  been  a  necessity  for 
an  unusually  vigorous  system,  in  the  event  of 
their  having  obtained  an  extension  of  territory 

Stances.     Great  objections  are  anticipated  to  a 

e^elt^xni!"'  r"  r  ""^^  P"^  the'natfon  to 
great  expense,   but  draw  away  so  manv  of  the 

people  at  a  time  when  their  services  as  soldiers 


ll 


'(. 


■fl  ' 


Ij  '/f 


202 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


i«  \tH 


&c.  *  may  probably  be  wanted  at  home.  This 
would  have  weight,  were  American  affairs  of 
minor  importance ;  but  as  the  contrary  is  the 
fact,  they  are  not  to  be  slighted  any  longer, 
without  subjecting  this  country  to  danger :  and 
unless  some  steps  are  also  taken  to  renovate 
trade  and  manufactures,  her  situation  will  be 
truly  lamentable. 

If  Britain  lose  Canada,  the  loss  of  the  West 
Indies  must  inevitably  follow ;  and  the  ruin  of 
her  navy  will  succeed.  But  if  she  will  people, 
and  thereby  strengthen  Canada,  the  West  In- 
dies  will  also  increase  in  population ;  and  wealth 
will  reanimate  the  drooping  commerce  of  the 
realm  ih  general.  And  with  proper  restrictions 
on  the  American  fisheries,  the  provinces  may 
yet  bear  up  for  a  short  time  without  feeling  the 
direful  effects  of  the  treaty  of  Ghent.  How- 
ever,  if  America  should  think  proper  again  to 
declare  war,  the  British  nation  is  faithfully  ex- 
horted  not  to  conduct  another  contest  on  the 
principles  by  which  the  last  v/as  regulated;  and 
and  not  again  to  make  peace,  until  she  can  co- 
erce the  enemy  into  an  abandonment  of  the 
whole  line  from  St.  Regis  in  the  river  St.  Law- 
rence to  the  Lake  of  the  Woods ;  including 
also  Lake  Michigan,  and  the  Michigan  terri- 
tory, and  insisting  on  the  Americans  retiring 
from  the  waters  of  the  rivers  and  lakes  a  few 
miles  into  the  interior.     All  that  portion  too 

*  The  want  of  soldiers  does  not  now  exist. 


ICY 

id  at  home.  This 
ncrican  aflfairs  of 
e  contrary  is  the 
iited  any  longer, 
ry  to  danger :  and 
iken  to  renovate 
situation  will  be 


loss  of  the  West 
;  and  the  ruin  of 
f  she  will  people, 
ia,  the  West  In- 
ation ;  and  wealth 
commerce  of  the 
roper  restrictions 
e  provinces  may 
ithout  feeling  the 
f  Ghent.  How- 
:  proper  again  to 
I  is  faithfully  ex. 
r  contest  on  the 
is  regulated;  and 
until  she  can  co- 
idonment  of  the 
le  river  St.  Law- 
oods;  including! 
Michigan  terri- 
lericans  retiring  I 
and  lakes  a  few 
that  portion  too| 

kut  now  exist. 


or    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


203 


of  the  district  of  Maine,  extending  from  the 
[Grand  Lake,  or  Chapeneticook,  in  New  Bruns- 
wick, in  a  straight  line,  to  the  river  Chaudiere 
in  Lower  Canada,  ought  also  to  be  secured  : 
or,  if  thought  more  advisable,  a  straight  line 
may  be  drawn  from  the  confluence  of  the  rivers 
Piscatagnis  and  Penobscot  in  Maine,  to  the 
same  river  Chaudiere,  and  down  the  Penobscot 
I  to  Castine,  continuing  it  out  at  sea  to  the  Isle 
Haute.   This  would  include  an  important  coast 
well  stored  with  islands  and  harbours,  notori- 
lous  in  the  late  war,  as  the  refuge  of  privateers, 
I  from  the  British  cruizers,  but  which  might  be 
converted  to  the  most  valuable  purposes. 


Xt 


vA 


X 


■  ■  li 


h;. 


I? 


M' 


CHAP.  XXIII. 


coNCLuaosr. 


On  a  review  of  what  has  I^etn  advanced  it 
will  appear  that  the  United  States  are  attem;^ 
ing  to  rival  Great  Britain  in  manufactures  anj 
that  they  entertain  ambitious  projects  fo^  th^ 
mnrose  of  effecting  her  finaf  oChrow-i^ 
That  Americans  in  general  are  hostile  to  twi 
country;  and  that  the  federalists  in  ™rtculm- 

i  •'thr'thr"''*  "^  "-"-^  formidaKp^: 
nents  than   the  present  ruling  faction     smr« 

•    L    ..,.      "'cignty  .1  their  resentment  anti^r^ 
f  te^fcteT"'"^  'he  gSTh^ 

manufeculresSlXS'l^^^^^^^^^ 
gilance  on  our  nart  •— TW  1  -^        ^^^"^  ^^- 


I 


n 


:M 


206 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


I 


1 


rash  and  premature  declaration  of  war,  it  is 
become  the  duty  of  B-lu  ,js  to  study  the  ene- 
my's character,  ard  crcr:  ill  th^ir  energies  to 
counteract  this  daugerous  c(»rnpotitlon : — Tha'- 
this  country  has  abundant  resources,  if  proper- 
ly called  into  action,  and  that  by  wise  plans  of 
colonization,  new  markets  may  be  opened  when 
American  ports  shall  be  closed  against  our 
manufactures  : — That  the  colonies  in  North 
America  are  fully  competent  to  supply  the 
West  Indies  with  lumber  and  provisions; — 
That  those  colonies  are  barriers  to  the  nation, 
and  therefore  should  by  all  means  be  fully  peo- 
pled as  early  as  possible  : — That  there  exists 
no  danger  of  their  defection  from  British  alle- 
giance so  long  as  they  continue  to  enjoy  their 
present  advantages;  especially  if  these  were 
duly  extended  according  to  the  plan  here  laid 
down: — That  emigration  therefore,  ought  to  Ithl 
be  encouraged,  on  a  broad  and  magnificent  I  the 
scale,  suited  to  the  powers  and  dangers  of  the  I  em 
nation  : — That  the  West  Indies  would  become  labc 
more  beneficial  and  populous  under  wise  regu- 1  the 
lations  ;  and  that,  in  some  plans  for  their  im-  Icio 
provement,  the  colonies  must  unite  with  the  I  the 
British  government ; — That  the  cultivation  and  I  pro 
setdement  of  Trinidad,  would  be  productive  I  the 
of  important  advantages  to  the  other  islands,  Ipari 
and  through  them  also  benefit  the  modier  coun-  Ibe  i 
try  : — And  lastly,  that  the  treaty  of  Ghent  is  a  I  Spa 
most  unwise  and  impolitic  measure,  calculated 
to  deprive  Great  Britain  of  the  immense  ad- 
vantages whicli  her  great  wealth   and   po\^'er  Itheir 


ai 
ti( 
na 
di 
tre 
th; 
vij 


V  n 


I  ; 


( 


CY 

on  of  war,  it  is 

0  study  the  ene- 
th^ir  energies  to 
ipr'titlon : — Tlin*- 
Diirces,  if  proper- 
by  wise  plans  of 
T  be  opened  when 
istd  against  our 
)lonies  in  North 
t  to  supply  the 
d  provisions; — 
?rs  to  the  nation, 
ans  be  fully  peo- 
'hat  there  exists 
"rom  British  alle- 
le to  enjoy  their 
f  if  these  were 
he  plan  here  laid 
refore,  ought  to 
md  magnificent 
[I  dangers  of  the 
s  would  become 
n^.der  wise  regu- 
ms  for  their  im- 

unite  with  tlie 
e  cultivation  and 

1  be  productive 
le  other  islands, 
he  modier  coun- 
ty of  Ghent  is  a 
asure,  calculated 
le  immense  ad- 
ikh   and   power 


OP  GREAT  BUITAIN. 


207 


have  given  her  over  the  United  States  ;  insni- 
nng  the  latter  with  a  vain  opinion  of  their  impSr- 
tance,   hus  feedmg  their  national  pride,  anden- 
couragmg  their  disposition  to  quarrel  a;id  to  de 
Clare  war,  which  they  most  probably  will  again 

ro^/^'T/'  .'u^  ?'^^  ^^P"*^^*^  ^ff^irs  in  Eu- 
rope shall  furnish  them  with  the  hope  of  sue 
ceeding  against  Great  Britain.*         ^ 

The  British  public  is  therefore  most  serious- 
ly  requested  to  consider  these  things  calmhf: 
and  to  divest  themselves  of  those  fall  pa^.' 
tie^  which  fettered  the  arms  and  councils  of  the 
nation  throughout  the  late  war  ;  and  which  pro! 
duced  the  most  baneful   consequences  in  the 
treaty  of  peace.     If  there  ever  existed  a  time 
that  called  for  unusual  vigour,  jealous  scrut  ny 
Vigilance    and  caution  in  our  national  affaiis' 
hat  period  IS  now  arrived.     In  consequence  of 
he  ratification  of  peace,  th.  secret  openitions  of 
emissaries  will  soon  commence.     The  rival  \l 
about  to  adopt  her  old  system  of  undermining 
the  best  interests  of  the  country  under  the  sne 
cious  garb  of  amity.     The  tocsin  of  alarm  must 
therefore  b.  rung  out,  and  seasonable  antidotes 
provided  forthe  poison.    True  patriots  must  see 
the  necessit}  of  ceasing  to  regard  Americans  ^q 
partof  the  Britis^  fa„,ify     ThV  r  uS TSre 
be  regarded  m  the  same  light  as  Frenchmen,  or 
Spaniards ;  that  is,  as  enemies  by  birth  and  edu- 

•  The  battle  of  Waterloo  has  wofully  di'sappointerf 
their  expectation*  in  this  respect.  "««Ppointetr 

X  2 


I 


208 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


m 


cation  ;  determined    rivals,    possessing   many 
qualities  that  make  them  dangerous  j  and  now 
that  the  effects  of  peace  appear  in  a  renewal  of 
the  accustomed  intercourse    between  the  two 
nations,  let  there  be  an  end  of  that  fraternization 
and  ingenuous  frankness  which  on  many  occa- 
sions laid  this  country  open  to  the  machinations 
of  her  foes.     Let  it  be  repeated,  even  though 
the   sound   should  prove  ungrateful — let    the 
voice  of  truth  be  heard,  which  proclaims,  **  that 
JJritain  never  had  an  enemy  so  much  to  be  dread- 
ed as  the  United  States.^'     Never  was  there  a 
foe,  until  now,  that  possessed  her  langujige,  that 
master-key  to   her  councils.     Never  could  a 
foreigner,  until  now,  introduce  himself,  unno- 
ticed,  into  a  British  Parliament,  Army,  Navy, 
or  Manufactory,  to  sound  her  policy,  learn  the 
arts  of  war  and  peace,  to  employ  these  acquis:- 
tions  against  the  source  whence  they  were  deri- 
ved.    Experience  has  proved  that  these  are  not 
mere  chimeras.    The  American   naval  officers 
studied  in  a  British  school,  and  have  proved 
themselves  sufficiently  apt  scholars  to  chastise 
their  masters.     They  have  even  given  rise  to 
hopes  of  being  able  ultimately  to  destroy  our 
naval    power  !     The    progress   of    American 
manufacture  evinces  the  same  source  of  educa- 
tion.    While  the  British  nation  has  tamely  sur- 
rendered  to  the  enemy  all  the  advantages  that 
could  be  desired  by  such  a  character,  one  party 
thought   it  cruel  to  hurt  the  poor  inoffensive 
Americans ;  another  affected  to  despise  and  im- 
derrate  the  "  contemptible  Yankees."     A  wish 


.—ijiia.'^':?*  ■  ■■''_^  . 


.ICY 

possessing  many 
gerous  ;  and  now 
ir  in  a  renewal  of 
between  the  two 
that  fraternization 
:h  on  many  ocea- 
the  machinations 
ted,  even  though 
grateful — let    the 
proclaims,  **  that 
tnuch  to  be  drcad- 
icvcr  was  there  a 
ber  languiige,  that 
Never  could  a 
e  himself,  unno- 
nt.  Army,  Navy> 
"  policy,  learn  the 
ioy  these  acquisi- 
e  they  were  deri- 
that  these  are  not 
:an   naval  officers 
and  have  proved 
lolars  to  chastise 
en  given  rise  to 
y  to  destroy  our 
iS   of    American 
source  of  educu- 
n  has  tamely  sur- 
e  advantages  that 
iracter,  one  party 
poor  inoffensive 
3  despise  and  im- 
ikees."    A  wish 


OF    GREAT    BBITAI!^. 


209 


o  brmg  about  a  reconcilation,  induced  Great 
Bntam  to  despatch  an  Admiral  with  a  larJ^ 
flee     as  a  negotiator.    Accordingly  he  wasted 
that  , me  m  negotiation  which  he  ought  to  have 
employed  m  bombarding  New  York,  or  Boston 
thereby  exciting  only  derision,  and  bringrg 
contempton  our  naval  power.   While  the  enemy 
used  the  opportunity  to  strengthen  his  line  of 
coast,  eventually  causing  the\lisasters  which 
occurred  at  New-Orleans,  Baltimore,  and  other 
nno'lT*  1  ^1^^'°"^  ^^'^''f^re,  unchecked  and  un. 
qualified  with  clemency  and  forbearance,  can 
alone  ensure  success  to  Britain  in  any  future 
contest.     And  must  she,  who  has  evcr^roved 
victorious  over  other  powers,  and  holds  such 
a  commanding  rank  in  the  scale  of  nations,  in- 
gloriously  lay  her  trophies  at  the  feetof  Ameri, 
ca  ?  Can  it  be,  that  Britons  have  been  beaten 
on  the  ocean,  and  not  bum  with  shame  ?  or  an 

^aPxat  n •  ^^"""'^  T^""  ^°"gh^  ^"d  conquered  un- 
der  Wellington,  be  swept  away  like  sparrow^ 
without  awakening  the  Nation  to  a  true  knm'l 
ledge  of  the  enemy  ?  No  !  Britain  is  still  con. 
scious  of  her  prowess,  and  ought  to  blame  her 
own  wrong  opinions,  and  tardy  measures,  for 
all  her  disasters.     She  cannot  feel  a  dread  of 

ir.\  Ir**  "?'"","  '"  "^^^^^  Americans  are  accustomed 
to  fowling  m  the  woods,  and  bush  fighting,  gave  t^eir 

IIaI  fV"™""'^  advantage  over  our  beUer  di.C 
tJll  ,"i  ^r^  '"^^^^  ^°'^^"«-  They  lay  among  the 
trees  ad  hedge  rows,  and  dealt  destruction  iroundfhem! 


filO 


CdtONlAL    POtlCV. 


f  H 


if     ' 


the  superior  bravery  of  her  foe,  while  she 
knows  that  the  enemy  employs  her  own  unna- 
tural sons  against  her  ;  and 

*•  When  Greek  meets  Greek,  then  comes  the  tug  of  war.'^ 

Aware  of  this  in  future  wars,  (for  wars  will  come) 
she  must  pour  all  her  energies  at  once  into  the 
contest,  and  prove  that  though  she  may  not  be 
able  to  conquer,  and  hold  possessioi""  of  the 
States,  she  can  beyond  a  doubt,  make  terrible 
inroads,  destroy  the  seaports,  and  lay  the  coun- 
try waste.  PiXcess  of  clemency  is  often  cruel- 
ty, and  will  most  emphatically  prove  so  in  wars 
with  America.  While  one  severe  castigation 
would  have  repressed  the  Mania  for  a  century, 
Britain  is  victorious  over  the  nations  of  Europe, 
because  she  knows  them,  and  no  fond  regard 
for  a  race  of  descendants  checks  her  military 
operations.  She  enters  on  a  war  with  confirmed 
hostility  ;  no  temporizing  conciliatory  measures 
are  employed ;  she  fights  and  conquers. 

Far  from  the  writer  be  any  wish  to  inflame 
the  British  nation,  and  goad  it  on  to  war.  Peace 
is  concluded,  and,  let  the  disadvantages  be 
what  they  may,  good  faith  requires  our  ad- 
herence to  it.  But  the  true  intent  of  this  work 
is,  to  put  the  nation  in  a  posture  of  defence,  in 
the  event  of  another  declaration  of  war  by  the 
United  States  ;  or  to  give  the  first  blow  when 
the  conduct  of  the  enemy  may  render  it  una- 
voidable.   It  is  one  thing  to  expose  and  con^ 


I.  ii 


\ni 


OtICY. 

foe,  while  she 
5  her  own  unna- 


les  the  tug  of  war.'^ 

wars  will  come) 
at  once  into  the 
she  may  not  be 
issessio'^  of  the 
t,  make  terrible 
id  lay  the  coun- 
Y  is  often  criiel- 
>rove  so  in  wars 
^ere  castigation 
a  for  a  century, 
tions  of  Europe, 
no  fond  regard 
kcs  her  military 
with  confirmed 
iatory  measures 
anquers, 

wish  to  inflame 
I  to  war.  Peace 
sadvantages  be 
quires  our  ad- 
nX  of  this  work 
e  of  defence,  in 
of  war  by  the 
rst  blow  when 
render  it  una- 
:pose  and  con<« 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


211 


demn  a  rival ;  another  to  urge  acts  of  injustice. 

1  he  measures  here  recommended  are  just,  al- 
though  severe.  It  is  necessary  to  be  explicit 
on  this  point,  as  the  Author's  intentions  may 
possibly  be  miscontrued  into  an  attempt,  in  it- 
self base  and  cruel,  which  he  abhors  and  dis- 
claims.  It  IS  his  sincere  desire  to  see  British 
prosperity  perpetuated ;  and  a  full  conviction 
of  the  national  danger  has  alone  called  forth 
this  work.  His  great  aim  is,  that  it  may  lead 
to  a  renovation  of  its  ardour,  in  the  various 
pursuits  by  which  the  nation  has  reached  its 
present  summit  of  wealth  and  power. 

So  far  from  losing  sight  of  the  dangers  of  a 
naval  power  seated  on  the  opposite  shores  of  the 
Atlantic,  this  country  should  be  always  prepa- 
red, as  It  IS  in  her  distant  provinces  and  islands 
alone  that  she  is  vulnerable.     Jerome  Bona- 
parte's fleet  had  levied  contributions  on  several 
West  India  Islands,  befo  -  intelligence  could 
be  received  in  Britain.     And  nothin^^  could 
prevent  an  American  squadron  from  commit- 
ting similar  depredations,  if  they  were  eversuf. 
tered  to  declare  war  in  the  absence  of  a  British 
torce;  and  particularly,  were  the  vessels  of  war 
ol    tlie   United  States  all  collected  together. 
1  liey  would  then  form  a  powerful  force,  com- 
I.etent  to  an  attack  on  any  island,  even  thoui^h 
standing  most  prepared ;  much  more  so  if  Bri- 
tish vigilance  be  relaxed.     The  insolent  teme- 
rity  and  daring  enterprise,   even  of  American 
privateers  must  not  be  overlooked,  since  it  may 


i 


212 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


I  i 


serve  as  a  proof  of  the  ability  of  an  American 
navy  to  inflict  a  severe  wound  on  the  British 
empire.     It  is  a  fact,  alas  too  true !  that  the 
Scourge,  and  several  other  privateers,  actually 
chose  the  Irish  Channel,  as  a  cruising  station, 
and  remained  there  for  a  considerable  time,  to 
the  great  annoyance  of  the  trade  to  Greenock 
and  Liverpool.  And  one  cruising  off  the  Holmes, 
in  the  Bristol  Channel,  took  a  merchant  ship 
of  Bristol,  released  the  prisoners,  and  sent  them 
on  shore  with  an  American  newspaper,  and  the 
Captain's  compliments  to  an  individual  in  the 
city !  Another  attacked  a  transport,  close  in 
with  Sambro'  lighthouse,  at  the  mouth  of  Ha- 
lifax harbour;  but  being  beaten  off  after  a  gal- 
lant resistance,  was  chased  for  upwards  of  forty- 
eight  hours  by  the  Nymphe  frigate,  carrying 
royals  and  sky-scrapers,  with  lower,  top-mast, 
top.gallant,  and  royal  studding  sails  j  the  pri- 
vateer all  the  time  being  under  easy  sar ,  and 
sometimes  even  with  reefed  top-sails,  keeping 
exactly  out  of  the  range  of  the  frigate's  shot, 
but  capable  of  running  her  hull  down  *  in  a 
short  time.     The  natural  inference  to  be  drawn 
from  the  above  facts  is,  that  unceasing  vigilance 
must  be  exercised,  since   the  United  States' 
fleet  is  really  capable  of  striking  some  alarming 
blow ;  and  the  daring  exploits  of  her  sailors 
(no  matter  whether  native  Americans  or  Bri- 
tish,^ have  been  such  as  to  prove  that  they  will 

*  A  term  applied  to  a  ship,  when  she  is  at  such  ^ 
distance  that  only  her  masts  and  sails  are  to  be  seen. 


lev 

y  of  an  American 
»d  on  the  British 
30  true !  that  the 
ivateers,  actually 
i  cruising  station, 
iiderable  time,  to 
ade  to  Greenock 
tig  off  the  Holmes, 
a  merchant  ship 
;rs,  and  sent  them 
^wspaper,  and  the 
individual  in  the 
ansport,  close  in 
lie  mouth  of  Ha- 
en  off  after  a  gal- 
upwards  of  forty- 
frigate,  carrying 
lower,  top-mast, 
ig  sails  J  the  pri- 
er  easy  r:^^^  and 
Dp-sails,  keeping 
he  frigate's  shot, 
hull  down  *  in  a 
ence  to  be  drawn 
ceasing  vigilance 
5  United  States* 
Ig  some  alarming 
ts  of  her  sailors 
nericans  or  Bri- 
ve  that  they  will 

5n  she  is  at  such  ^ 
[s  are  to  be  seen. 


OP    G»£AT    BRITAIW. 


213 


-adily^  attempt  any  enterprise  however  ha- 

In  future,   French  and  Araeriran   „„r.- 
must  be  regarded  as  inseparable      xhf  ?'""=* 

spectin^  r ttsfwSe  e^rSe^r: 

row  shipsV  BonSf  these 'hrnV-H  ''7; 
not  suffer  him   t/ C  a     ^  "is  pride  did 

'.ave  ex.:"rte'ra  v'tut  tnfe  tt'tr'' 
perioritv  of  the  Am*^r:^/      -i        *  tnat  the  su- 

-de  i'eHg.t  toTuSS'rtL^riji^  T 
naji^ement  of  his  naw      TZ\        •         "^  ^^^ 

^iieved,thattre  SatfonUV  afferd  ^ 
Bona^rte  was  smcere,  so  nehheTcafthe Imf 

Ssrrrerctr^i^  f^^  ^- 

couucils'f  bori^  uS°°"  "'^  *"'  '"^ 

thS^ITtrXlotS  V  ^^°^  -Wch 
y  "ds  to  expect?  Her  severe  destiny 


I! 

Il 


214 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


it. 


h' 


cither  entails  upon  her  war,  or  consigns  her  to 
a  peace  equally  disastrous  :  and  nothing  within 
the  range  of  human  events  can  save  the  British 
nation  from  the  ruin  of  her  trade,  manufactures, 
and  navy,  but  a  proper  application  of  her  re- 
sources to  the  enlargement  of  her  colonies.  It 
tlierefore  behoves  the  nation  at  large,  and  opu- 
lent individuals  in  particular,  to  make  exertions 
suited  to  the  exigences  of  the  times ;  and  as 
money  cannot  be  better  applied,  the  man  who, 
by  application  of  his  capital,  clears  and  plants 
an  extensive  district,  must  be  regarded  as  a  na- 
tional benefactor. 


I' 


The  Author  is  well  persuaded,  that  the  pub- 
lic has  not  hitherto  seen  this  subject  in  a  right 
point  of  view.     Far  less  importance  is  attached 
thereto  than  it  deserves  ;  and  many  may  be  dis- 
posed to  deny,  that  it  is  so  intimately  connected  I P 
with  the  interests  of  the  country  as  is  here  as-  I  ?^' 
serted.     But  should  any  individuals  doubt  the  i^, 
advantages  of  this  system,  and  yet  admit  the  ■  ^^ 
probability   of  the    continued   march   of  the 
United  States  towards  successful  competition 
in  arts  and  arms,  let  him  reflect  on  the  alterna- 
tive which  this  country  must  then  adopt.  What 
must  be  the  fate  of  the  merchants,  manufac- 
turers, mechanics,  all  in  short  but  the  land- 
holders ?  For  unless  previous  care  is  taken  by 
Britain  to  guard  against  the  evil,  by  widening 
her  foreign  possessions,  and  providing  a  re- 
source for  her  subjects,  will  not  all  the  persons 
tlius  thrown  out  of  employ  flock  to  the  States, 


gra 
bee 
slig 
con 
opu 
indc 
thos 
coui 


ICY 

3r  consigns  her  to 
id  nothing  within 
n  save  the  British 
de,  manufactures, 
ication  of  her  re- 
her  colonies.  It 
it  large,  and  opu- 
:o  make  exertions 
le  times;  and  as 
d,  the  man  who, 
clears  and  plants 
regarded  as  a  na- 

!ed,  that  the  pub- 
ubject  in  a  right 
tance  is  attached 
nany  may  be  dis- 
nately  connected 
ry  as  is  here  as- 
iduals  doubt  the 
d  yet  admit  the 
march  of  the 
sful  competition 
t  on  the  alterna- 
len  adopt.  What 
hants,  manufac- 
•t  but  the  land- 
:are  is  taken  by 
^il,  by  widening 
providing  a  re- 
>t  all  the  persons 
:k  to  the  States, 


OF    GREAT    BRITAIN. 


215 


and  thereby  increase  the  disaster?  while  even 

a^tmV'^^''"'^''  fi"din^  affairs  on  The  dec,i^ 

eso^tTni  T  ^^"^"^""i^a^e  their  strength'  by 

wke  fnr^t J      ^^'"^^^^°"  «f  societies,  or  other. 

Tnd  n^larrfT"  ''  ^^^-^  settlers  abroad, 
an  rehire  f  "^"^^'"'"^  ^^^  ^°""try  should  be 
mTh  •  "^^  ^°''  ^^'^  ^^"ndred  thousand  souls 
might  emigrate  without  inconvenience       xhe 

Planted  in  t;-  T,h^^"^ore  respectable  should  be 
planted  in    i  rinidad,  or  the  North  Amerirnn 

rA    •    '^emoval  of  all  her  sturdy- beeears    h^) 

tZ'  T^  J  "''^7  ''°"'  &^«t  ^""IJ  be  her 
gam  ?    1  he!*  people  may  frequemlv  yield  to 

fair  representations  of  tlie  adv  mtages  of  IJ: 
gration,  and  not  only  emigrate  but  Iform   aTd 
eeome  useful  members  of  society     T'ven^ 

mdcJence  which  generate  dishonSv  :     n  "  haf 
[courses  may  rouse  at  the  prospect  of  .uerelt; 


I) 


•.rf^^- 


m 


216 


COLOKJAL    POLICY 


!■ 


6h    kl 


and  shake  them  off  altogether.   But  in  planting 
a  colony  of  these  wretched  characters,  care  must 
be  taken  to  select  a  spot  distant  from  any  town, 
where  spirits  might  be  easily  procured.     Be- 
cause the  more  remote  and  wild  the  settlement, 
the  greater  the  prospect  of  ultimate  success. 
And  considered  in  one  point  of  view,  a  colony 
of  such  loose  persons,  who  had  never  applied 
themselves  to  any  manufacturing  or  mechanical 
occupation,  would  be  of  more  service  to  the 
mother  country  than  one  composed  of  indus- 
trious  characters ;  since  the  former-  being  un- 
able  to  provide  apparel,  &c.  would  be  better 
customer*:  to  tl^e  merchant  than  the  latter,  whose 
womsn  could  spiii  and  manufacture  clodis  at 
home.    , 


Colonization  would  open  a  fair  prospect  for 
younger  brothers  of  good  families  to  establish 
large  estates  for  tb'^mseives ;  and  gentlemen  of 
small  prope'-' V  wculd  do  well  to  remember, 
that  their  opportunities  of  getting  money  would 
be  greater,  and  -heir  expenses  less  than  in  Bri- 
tain.  A  moderately  opulent  farmer  might  live 
in  the  provinces  in  great  respectability  and  ease. 
The  young  and  gay  may  poss^ibly  ol.ject  to 
alienate  themselves  from  the  luxurious  plea- 
sures  of  the  mother  country.  But  men  of  fa- 
mily  would  not  allow  such  trifles  to  divert  the  I  "i 
attention.  For,  if  there  exists  not  that  variety!  „ 
of  enjoyment,  there  are  ample  means  to  sweeten  f  ^ 
life  even  in  the  depth  of  winter ;  many  recrea- 


I 


m 


'OLICY 

jr.  But  in  planting 
laracters,  care  must 
ant  from  any  town, 
ily  procured.  Be- 
vild  the  settlement, 

ultimate  success. 
t  of  view,  a  colony 
had  never  applied 
ring  or  mechanical 
lore  service  to  the 
)mposed  of  indus- 
former-  being  un- 

would  be  better 
m  the  latter,  whose 
ufacture  cloths  at 


OF    GREAT    BKIAIH, 


217 


a  fair  prospect  for 
inilies  to  establish 
and  gentlemen  of 
ell  to  remember, 
ting  money  would 
s  less  than  in  Bri- 
farmer  might  live 
stability  and  ease, 
Dosj^ibly  object  to 
:  luxurious  plea- 
But  men  of  fa- 
rifles  to  divert  the 
s  not  that  variety 
means  to  sweeten 
er ;  many  recrea- 


tions  being  peculiar  to  the  snowy  regions    of 
which  we  in  Britain  know  nothing!  ^       ' 

phc"bTe'''inHe"f  ^'  ^T^  Wortunit:  to  an  im- 
temnr  Ik   '"^^^f  ^g^^e,  and  dangerous  rival  to 

als   tTrlfl  .       ^^  Government  and  individu- 
?rov  nce^^^  ^^^^^^  '^  ^^e  British 

"RisZ  F   ^I'^'IZ'^^  the  superb  plans  of  the 
eves  o?rn  ^'''    ^'  "^^^^^^'  and^  the  greedy 

iWns?  "^•'''  "!?^  '^^"  '"'''^y  i"  vain  those 
immense  regions  destined  to  be  peopled  b- 

farexceeTth^^  may  equal,  ifW 

lar  exceed,  that  m  a  republ  c  constituted  unon 
the  federal  plan  of  the  United  States.         ^ 

AmLlf  an'^R^f  ^^^"'  ^''^^^  ^^  <^vour  of 

shrowe:  h.  """'  ''^^  "^^^"^^^y  tWnk  that 

She  owes  her  success  to  superior  courase  or 
talents  or  to  a  destiny  more  brilliant  Sheir 

sfounSof '^"h"^'   ^'^'y^   huHed  from 
eCsot^r^-l'     ^i^'  ""ceasing  and  mi.hty 

But,  if  there  remain  one  spark  of  that  h^rr.;^ 
sp.nt  which  once  animated  tl^eir  fS£Tff 


218 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


the  "Amor  Patris"  be  not  obUteratedj  let 
conscious  superiority,  let  even  a  sense  of  shame 
imperiously  urge  them  to  their  duty,  and  obli- 
tersce  the  foul  stain  that  has  been  ^suffered  to 
tarnish  the  national  reputation. 

Thus  has  an  obscure  individual  presumed  to 
lay  before  the  public  a  work  intended  to  unveil 
the  nature  of  the  American  competition,  and 
display  to  Britain  the  present  alarming  state  of 
her  commercial  affairs.     If  it  produce  the  good 
effects  wb;:h  the  Author  intended,  he  will  in- 
deed  iee.  himself  most  amply  rewarded.    He  is 
entirely  unsolicitous  of  personal  applause,  and 
equally  regardless  of  censure.   He  has  no  views 
ot  personal  aggrandisement  from  the  system  he 
recommends,  and  bears  no  animosity  to  any  in- 
dividual  American,  but  he  has  written  from 
personal  knowledge  and  the  most  confirmed 
convictions,  and  as  this  is  his  first  Political  Es. 
say,  so,  in  all  probability,  it  will  be  his  last. 


Imc 

lavt 
I  eve 

1 


-ICY 


t  obliterated;  let 
n  a  sense  of  shame 
ir  duty,  and  obli- 
been  suffered  to 
1. 

dual  presumed  to 
ntended  to  unveil 
competition,  and 
alarming  state  of 
produce  the  good 
ided,  he  will  in- 
rewarded.  He  is 
lal  applause,  and 
He  has  no  views 
m  the  system  he 
mosity  to  any  in- 
las  written  from 
most  confirmed 
irst  Political  Es- 
11  be  his  last. 


POSTSCBIPT. 


t?S  a  pVt^S^^^  ^"^  ^^^"^"^itted 

sanctioned  by  the  aZh     'PP'''"^^  ^^^  '^  ^^ 

racter  of  the  latr^  •  u  S?"'^^  «"d  ^ha- 
This  work  is  entireTrnnlV  ?''''  ^"^^i"*'' 
therefore  come  iS  ''^"^  ^«^«  "ot 

ration.     But  as  tT"'f "^/^.^^  -^  ""^^r  our  conside- 

^^  so  conSal  to  VhT  w^  ^f^t  ^J"^" 

inveterate  af^imTs  tVof  tL  T^  ^""^'"^°"«  '^- 
"^ent  to  this  countj,  vve  Lt^^^^^        g^^-rn. 

make  a  few  obscTvaCs  ^rit.    "'"'''"'^  '° 
|moTem\n7o7';,f  views  eve,y 


220 


COLONIAL    POLICY 


n 


M 


adorn  a  nation,  such  as  good  faith,  the  purest 
and  most  honourable  intentions,  patience  un- 
der  the  most  unprovoked  and  accumulated  a?, 
gressions,  a  smcere  respect  for  the  rights  of  all 
tiations,  a  fervent  love  of  peace,  and  a  steady 
prosecution  of  every  honourable  means  to  ere 
serve  and  secure  it ;  but,  as  if  America  could 
not  be  every  thing  that  is  great  and  good  while 
Ureat  Britain  enjoyed  any  fragment  of  charac 
ter  as  a  nation,  they,  with  fervent  zeal  and  great 
liberality,  load  Great  Britain  with  every  crime 
that  a  nation  can  commit.     She  is  overbearing 
and  tyrannical ;  unfaithful  to  her  engagements  • 
professes  the  purest  motives  and  a  sincere  de' 
sire  for  peace,  while  she  is  exerting  all  her  encr- 
gies  to  i^ender  peace   unattainable  to  any  na- 
tion which  will  not  submit  to  her  commercial 
sway. 

But  while  the  present  generation  of  men  ex- 
jsts,  the  disinterested  exertions  of  Great  Britain 
in  behalf  of  oppressed  nations  will  not  be  forgot. 
And  the  future  historian  will  mark  with  peculi* 
ar  delight  the  gigantic  efforts  which  she  has 
made  in  behalf  of  general  liberty,  when  all  the 
nations  rj  Europe  were  prostrate  or  paralized 
before  the  most  desolating  tyranny  that  the 
world  ever  beheld,  sustained  and  rendered  near- 
ly triumphant  by  the  greatest  abilities  ever  con- 
centrated in  one  individual.  And  yet  Great 
Britain,  single-handed,  has  withstood  this  deso- 


■  ICY 

faith,  the  purest 
ions,  patience  un- 
1  accumulated  ag- 
>r  the  rights  of  all 
?ace,  and  a  steady 
ble  means  to  pre- 
if  America  could 
It  and  good  while 
gment  of  charac- 
ent  zeal  and  great 
with  every  crime 
he  is  overbearing 
er  engagements ; 
md  a  sincere  de- 
rting  all  her  encr- 
nable  to  any  na- 
)  her  commercial 


ation  of  men  ex- 
I  of  Great  Britain 
^ill  not  be  forgot, 
lark  with  peculi- 
which  she  has 
^ti/,  when  all  the 
-ate  or  paralized 
granny  that  the 
d  rendered  near- 
bilities  ever  con- 
And  yet  Great 
istood  this  deso- 


OP    GREAT    BRITAIN.  221 

"  "^'^  ^^^''^  ^"'^  '^  ""4"".  again  and  again." 
humanity.     While  A^T  •        '      ^  "^  outra.i,^ed 

greedilvTize  I  fh.      ''°""^^r'^  '^f  the  world, 
Europe^  w^^t  the  T''''":'Tu^''^^"  hope  i^ 

the  French  ^rt^^hS ^  N^^^o^'in^'^^" 
son,  were  amiiYi.,!^*^   i  .       -^  -^^dpoieonm  per- 

on  the  ro^Tof  r11:  3't  ""'"&  ^''^ 
ward  in  the  can^^  ^f  1      '   -^  '°  ""ove  for. 

when  even  in  Brk2    r"""  ""^  "'"Wtion; 
painfui«ppreL^;':;^Tnd  vXS^^^^^^^^ 

was  the  oA:t::%tX'';^^t^t:T"^^  "^^ 

watched  for,  and  eagerly  haUedbvth/!?"''^ 
independent  Americans  ,n  f5»  ^  ^^J^'-^sani 
my  if  the  human  race  iTv-  ^"^  '^''  ^'«- 
tom  the  last  bnoy  of  h^ne ^vh"•^'"^  V^'  ^°'- 
vidence,  de.pairh^^  r  ;?£  ,  u'^'V  ""''^''  P™- 
But  Heaven tS  d^  R^  •'''  '°  '"""^  to- 
c'evoted  patrio.ir;7th  :h  led  themTi'?  '  .^^'f' 
-cent  capita,  in  ashe.,   th  t'  t'  „™g  "  S  hS"" 


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COLONIAL    POLICY 


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hour  such  a  fiend  within  its  bosom.  This  was 
an  immense  offering  saeriiced  on  the  shrine  of 
t  reedom,  and  it  accomplished  the  desired  pur- 
pose.  Had  Buonaparte  succeeded  in  his  en- 
terprise as  he  fondly  anticipated,  and  as  the  «>- 
vemment  of  America  eagerly  wished,  Britain, 
single-handed,  would  have  had  to  struggle  for 
her  existence  against  the  united  energies  of  the 
whofe  world.  But,  America  alas !  too  soon 
attempted  to  imitate  the  ass  in  the  fable  The 
lion  has  revived,  and  will  not  submit  to  an  in- 
suit  irom  her  base-born  heel. 

These  are  facts  which  even  American  so- 
phistry  will  m  vain  attempt  to  varnish  over. 
And  so  lon^  as  they  appear  in  the  faithful  page 
of  history,  so  long  will  America's  contemptible 
cant  about  liberty  and  independence,   be  con- 
trasted with  her  strenuous,  though  fruitless  ef- 
forts to  expunge  the  very  name  of  liberty  from 
the  earth.     Nor  can  he  ever  be  esteemed  at- 
tached to  genuine  liberty,  who  can  refrain  from 
branding  America  as  the  only  wimn^  ally    of 
the  ruthless  tyrant  of  the  earth.     And  when 
Ortfat  Britain  had  by  her  persevering  efforts 
rescued  Europe  from  slavery,  and  obtained  re- 
spite  from  war;  had  she  been  characterized  by 
that  spirit  of  tyranny  which  this  work  calum- 

S!lf  ^  *'^^'^'^'  ^^"^  ^^^'  «^^  "»%ht  have  put 
Tl  ft  ^.^''^"g*^'  ^id  swept  away  the  pretence 
of  the  United  States  to  a  rank  among  nations  ; 
but  she  has  clePTly  exhibited  her  moderation 
and  htir  love  of  peace,  by  consultmg  their  in- 


ICY 

>som.    This  was 

on  the  shrine  of 

the  desired  pur- 

"ded  in  his  en- 

df  and  as  the  g^. 

wished,  Britain, 

to  struggle  lor 

energies  of  the 

alas !  too  soon 

the  fable.    The 

ubmit  to  an  in- 


1  American  so- 
3  varnish  over; 
he  faithful  page 
I's  contemptible 
ience,   be  con- 
gh  fruitless  ef- 
of  liberty  from 
i  esteemed  at- 
:an  refrain  from 
wiffing  ally,  of 
li.     And  when 
levering  efforts 
iid  obtained  re- 
laracterized  by 
s  work  calum- 
night  have  put 
ay  the  pretence 
mong  nations ; 
er  moderation 
iltmg  their  in- 


OP    GREAT    BRITAIN.  223 

?.7"  '^V""^  "'■P^'''^^  '^^^'fy  with  an  earnest 

Xr" ^„"""'''^''"'1,'^^^'^  '°  «"'  "P  *e  ev 
passions-to  reproach  our  neighbours    with 

conc^ivTrtr'"''  "•  '"^j^  imagination"* 
conceive,  or  the  energies  of  anguage  express  ? 

It  IS  questionable  ifihe  worst  If  g^vernmentl 

ever  sanctioned  with  their  authonhTrpubUca 

tion  teeming  with  such  unjust  aspersions      m" 

putations  of  such  criminal  intenttens^d,^' 

bS'Tnf  n'"r  ^r  '"-  trcrimes  «: 
iuitice  o?  ^  "•' •  ""^''  *«  semblance  of 
jusuce.  of  moderation,  of  the  love  of  peace 

Ses       "*'  "'  *'  P"^^"^  ^"«"^ri"g  K 
Ai^rfc^"'i°iw"- "^  *'.,^P'"'  '^^  ^h'-^wer  of 

dse  than  the  sphif^LhTbreX  .  Tuttvef 
they,  can  scarcely  fail  to  be  surprised  tW  a 
pamphlet  abounding  with  such  unji?t  a^d  „! 

iernmen't  :f  f  '''•°"'''  ^'  P"'=«^''ei  by  a^y  g^ 
w1fh?K    •  P'^?'^ssing  at  least  to  be  at  peScc 
with  the  one  it  calumniates.    This  fact  wflf^? 

WELL  AS  IN  War. 


I 


au 


CaLOHIAL    POIICY 


f  ?.« 


NOTE  A. 


KCTEHBED  TO  IK  PACE    161. 

..^"fu  ?!.^  P^  "'■  *^  ""»*  "^s  Written,  no 
^^^"l  ^  been  made  public  of  the  provisions 
of  the  treaty  relative  to  flerbice,  Sun*nam,  and 

i?r?i.  ^'  ^r  """^  ^^-^  satisfaction  to 
,t?^  fV^"'i,"T.*'°'"=  *««  '^«n  restored  to 
the  Dutch.  Berbice,  Essequibo,  and  Deme- 
rara,  are  ceded  to  Great  Britain  in  perpetuity, 
under  the  condition  that  the  Dutch  ^e  permit 
ted  to  supply  their  own  estates,  in  these  settle, 
mente,  with  what  they  may  require,  and  to  con. 
vey  directhr  to  Holland  the  produce  of  then-  own 
estetes  only  hable  to  the  same  government, 
duties  which  are  paid  by  our  own  countrymen 
in  the  same  settlements. 


.ICY 


ACE    161. 

•k  was  written,  no 
:  of  the  provisions 
ce,  Surinam,  and 
tie  satisfaction  to 
been  restored  to 
libo,  and  Deme- 
ain  in  perpetuity, 
►utch  are  permit- 
s,  in  these  settle- 
luire,  and  to  con- 
duce of  their  own 
me  government- 
>wn  countrymen 


AMERICAN  PROJECTS. 

intentions  *f°h^  T!«r'  '"'°  *^  ^'"^  »"d 

public  attentiortolt  TttfiT","'*^  "« 
Americans  have  oXeH  i  i.  ?"'  P'"=^'  ^c 
witi,  ,jt  loss  of  ff,^.  ^^^^  '°«  to  be  built 
of  Lake  &fe  o^The  h"\°"f."''  "orth-west 
which  connects  llu'^"!"'  •^'^.H'^e  St.  Clair, 

The  spot  Zl  U  at  Ae  s'"*  V^'"=  H"™"^ 
mUes  below  D^^t^'..*^  ^^P™&  ^^''s-  three 

P'«tely  commanrall  thr^H-'""  ''^'"'^  *=<»»- 
fa  addition  to  Z  fhl  „  ^''•'**'^''»  country." 
has  received  officiainr'T''  °^  ^^'^  '^o* 

the  intention  o?^^r„^enrmT  °^  l'"  ''^'"5 
rican  fleet  upon  Lake   Fr„'°  ?'««=«. the  Ame- 

^-tate  of  readfness  for'serv  L'"  F^rT'""*'' 
pose,  a  part  of  the  armpH  a^  •  *"*  P"""" 
which  were  orr1p«^  fT     ^"^^"^an  vessels 

last  sprL  a°^to  h.  "^^  ''^""'''<'  ""<•  ""■'^ 
^.,    i^**"5»  ***^c  to  be  raised  and  r^-fift.^      o* 


fim 


session  of  the  copy  of  a  treaty  between  the 
American  government  and  the  Indians  of  the 
Seneca  nation,  for  the  purchase  from  the  latter 
of  the  islands  on  the  Niagara  River.     They  arc 
small ;  but  one  of  them,  Navy  Island,  is  sup- 
posed  to  be  within  the  boundary  of  Upper  Ca- 
nada, within  our  territories.     As  the  objects 
purchased  were  so  small,  the  transaction  did  not 
at  first  excite  much  attention  in  this  country ; 
but,  coupled  widi  the  intelligence  which  arri' 
veJ  yesterday,  it  assumes  an   appearance  of 
much  more  importance.     It  seems  to  give  the 
Americans  the  command  of  the  Niagara  River, 
and  of  the  communication  between  Lakes  On- 
tario and  Eric,  while  the  fort  near  Detroit  will 
ensur?  them  the  command  of  the  communica- 
tion between  Lake  Erie  and  Lake  Huron.  The 
Aniencans,  in  the   account  from  New  York 
which  we  inserted  yesterday,  aftect  to  state  that 
all  these  measures  and  preparations  have  been 
the  consequence  of  our  preparations.     They 
assert  that  "  the  activity  of  the  British  in  build- 
ing and  procuring  by  purchase  a  considerable 
fleet,  has  no  doubt  excited  our  government  to 
•  see  the  necessity  of  still  keeping  the  superiori- 
ty on  the  Lakes.     The  British  are  also  very 
busily  engaged  in  building  a  fleet  on  Lake 
Huron ;  and  no  doubt  on  all  the  Lakes  they 
will,  in  time  of  peace,  when  they  think  we  are 
asleep,  make  every  exertion  to  have  the  ascen- 
dency."    Suppose  the  above  statement  to  be 
correct,  does  not  every  one  see  that  our  pre- 
parations can  only  have  defensive  objects  in 


\liiU] 


)LICV 

reaty  between  the 
the  Indians  of  the 
lase  from  the  latter 
River.     They  are 
vy  Island,  is  sup- 
dary  of  Upper  Ca- 
.     As  the  objects 
transaction  did  not 
1  in  this  country ; 
igence  which  arri- 
an   appearance  of 
seems  to  give  the 
he  Niagara  River, 
tween  Lakes  On- 
near  Detroit  will 
f  the  communica- 
-ake  Huron.  The 
from  New  York 
aftect  to  state  that 
•ations  have  been 
parations.     They 
;  British  in  build- 
se  a  considerable 
r  government  to 
ng  the  superiori- 
sh  are  also  very 
a  fleet  on  Lake 
i  the  Lakes  they 
iiey  think  we  are 
>  have  the  ascen- 
statement  to  be 
;e  that  our  pre- 
nsive  objects  in 


OP    GREAT  BRITAIN,  &C.  227 

LaTes'  7t^''  '^  r u^^^P  ^  "^val  force  on  the 
rintu;  o^aff  Lf  ;^^  ^P-  «  "ecu! 
an  fttack  ?    wf haVe  '^^^^^^^^  ".«  '^  '"-ke 

Canada  a^insTthe  ^^^^^^^^  ^^^  ^-"^ 
IS  very  different  «,;.K  .1,     *        •  '  ^"*  *^  '^^ 

"  the  American  «,v.i;  '*'  account,  that 

of  still  keStf^T".^"?  ""•=*  the  necessity 
can  it  be  Stte»^P'"°"^>'  °"  «'>^  Lakes," 
oritv-  ariseTfrl  '  "^essity  for  the  superi- 

an  LS  S  u^T  K~  'h^y  f-' of 
it  is  not   as  w?  h      ",'^^«?»n'y  cannot.   But 

Pr^P^^tio^s  Ztrj'^'^y  ?''°7.  to  naval 
thefare  makW^       """"^"'"S  themselves; 

"gfor^,&c  V?h'^i'°"'  ^y^'^^'  build! 

have  set  Ihem  tht  eztrple""^-^h"  '^ "'^  ^^ 

"P  any  such  defe„ce,?nd  thereS7„^°  "°'  "^ 
for  our  own  Dart,  ''•  *'"°. '"^retore  v/e  cannot, 

America (su"ppSgtS:  ^"^ir'""  °^ 
he  correct  to  be  si.rh  »  u  *  account  to 

Pected  from  a  nation  .n"'^  '''°"''*  ^^^  «- 
relations  of  ~ace  in  fh     °"?  to.cultivate  the 
We  shall  beSaH  I,     *^  "^^  ^P'"*  of  peace, 
ail  be  glad,  however,  to  find  we  are  mis 


